realism-&-naturalism(1)

AmericanRealismandNaturalismI.IntroductionofAmericanRealismII.WritersofAmericanrealismIII.IntroductionofAmericanNaturalismIV.WritersofAmericanNaturalismI.IntroductionofAmericanRealism2.DefinitionandPrinciplesofrealism1.ThefactorsfortheemergenceofAmericanRealism1.ThefactorsfortheemergenceofAmericanRealism(1)Economicaspect--technologydevelopedquickly:transatlantictelegraphandtranscontinentalrailroadsmadeAmericanotisolatedanymore;railroadschangedthelifestyleofAmericans;(2)Thefrontierwasclosing,vastwesternareaswerenolongerunexplored,unknown;(3)Populationdoubled,andincomequadrupled;thegrowthofbusinessandindustryalsowidenedthegulfbetweentherichandthepoor;(3)TheculturalcenterceasedtobeinNewEngland,NewEnglandRenaissancehadwaned;newthemes,newforms,newsubjects,newregions,newauthors,newaudiencesallemerged2.DefinitionandPrinciplesofrealism1)Realismis“nothingmoreandnothinglessthanthetruthfultreatmentofmaterial”byHowells2)Principlesofrealism:Subject–contemporary,ordinary,andofmiddle-class;Characters–ordinary,average,contemporarypeople,whicharemoreimportantthanplots;Plots–unobtrusive,madeupofthetrivialincidentsofeverydaylife,as“natural”aspossibleintheirdevelopment;Language–charactersaremadetospeakinthelanguageofeverydaylife,andthelanguageshouldreflectthecharacters’personalityII.WritersofAmericanrealism3.MarkTwain2.HenryJames1.WilliamDeanHowellsWilliamDeanHowells(1837-1920)2.Majorworks:1)CriticismandFiction--inwhichhisliterary-aestheticideasisbestelucidated2)TheRiseofSilasLapham(1885)--depictedthepicturesoflifeofmiddleclassincontemporaryAmerica,optimistictone,moraldevelopmentandethics1.Justlikehisname–heistheDeanofAmericanRealism,andmaderealismthe“mainstream”ofAmericanliterature,andwroteingenteelrealismHenryJames(1843-1916)1.Primaryworks:(“internationaltheme”,orAmericaninnocenceinfaceofEuropeansophistication)TheAmerican(1877)/DaisyMiller(1879)/ThePortraitofaLady(1881)TheAmbassadors(1903)/TheWingsoftheDove(1902)/TheGoldenBowl(1904)2.TheArtofFiction(1884):--concernedwith“pointofview”,tellingstorythroughoneorseveralminds;--emphasizedtheinnerawarenessandinwardmovementsofhischaracters,becamethefirstofthemodernpsychologicalanalystsinthenovels,andusedthemodernstream-of-consciousnesstechniqueinhisworksMarkTwain(pseudonymofSamuelLanghorneClemens1835-1910)1.LocalColorism2.MarkTwain’sprimaryworks3.Thetype,styleandthemesinTheAdventuresofHuckleberryFinn4.DifferencesamongHowells,JamesandTwain1.LocalColorism--LocalColorismorRegionalismfirstappearedinthelate1860sandearly1870sinAmerica.HamlinGarlanddefineditashaving“suchqualityoftextureandbackgroundthatitcouldnothavebeenwritteninanyotherplaceorbyanyoneelsethananative”;--localcoloristsemphasizedonlocalpeculiaritiesofspeech,dressandhabitsofthoughtandthepresentationofnativecharactertypes;--oneofthemostsignificantlocalcolorfiction:BretHarte’sTheLuckofRoaringCamp2.MarkTwain’sprimaryworksTheCelebratedJumpingFrog(1865)/TheGildedAge(1873)/TheAdventuresofTomSawyer(1876)/LifeontheMississippi(1883)/TheAdventuresofHuckleberryFinn(1884)(“AllmodernAmericanliteraturecomesfromHuckleberryFinn”----byHemingway全部现代美国文学起源于一本名叫《哈克贝利·费恩历险记的书……》--海明威)(ReadExcerptfromCha.31,appreciatethetype,styleandthemesofthenovel)TheManThatCorruptedHadleydburg(1990)ExcerptfromCha.31•It(…peoplethatactsasI'dbeenactingaboutthatniggergoestoeverlastingfire.)mademeshiver.AndIaboutmadeupmymindtopray,andseeifIcouldn'ttrytoquitbeingthekindofaboyIwasandbebetter.SoIkneeleddown.Butthewordswouldn'tcome.Whywouldn'tthey?Itwarn'tnousetotryandhideitfromHim.NorfromME,neither.Iknowedverywellwhytheywouldn'tcome.Itwasbecausemyheartwarn'tright;itwasbecauseIwarn'tsquare;itwasbecauseIwasplayingdouble.IwaslettingONtogiveupsin,butawayinsideofmeIwasholdingontothebiggestoneofall.IwastryingtomakemymouthSAYIwoulddotherightthingandthecleanthing,andgoandwritetothatnigger'sownerandtellwherehewas;butdeepdowninmeIknoweditwasalie,andHeknowedit.Youcan'tprayalie--Ifoundthatout.•SoIwasfulloftrouble,fullasIcouldbe;anddidn'tknowwhattodo.AtlastIhadanidea;andIsays,I'llgoandwritetheletter--andthenseeifIcanpray.Why,itwasastonishing,thewayIfeltaslightasafeatherrightstraightoff,andmytroublesallgone.SoIgotapieceofpaperandapencil,allgladandexcited,andsetdownandwrote:•MissWatson,yourrunawayniggerJimisdownheretwomilebelowPikesville,andMr.Phelpshasgothimandhewillgivehimupfortherewardifyousend.•HUCKFINN.•IfeltgoodandallwashedcleanofsinforthefirsttimeIhadeverfeltsoinmylife,andIknowedIcouldpraynow.ButIdidn'tdoitstraightoff,butlaidthepaperdownandsettherethinking--thinkinghowgooditwasallthishappenedso,andhownearIcometobeinglostandgoingtohell.Andwentonthinking.Andgottothinkingoverourtripdowntheriver;andIseeJimbeforemeallthetime:inthedayandinthenight-time,sometimesmoonlight,sometimesstorms,andwea-floatingalong,talkingandsingingandlaughing.ButsomehowIcouldn'tseemtostrikenoplacestohardenmeagainsthim,butonlytheotherkind.…andatlastIstruckthetimeIsavedhimbytellingthemenwehadsmall-poxaboard,andhewassograteful,andsaidIwasthebestfriendoldJimeverhadintheworld,andtheONLYonehe'sgotnow;andthenIhap