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当前位置:首页 > 商业/管理/HR > 营销创新 > American-Romanticism浪漫主义在美国
I.HistoricalBackground:AmericanpioneershadpushedthefrontierlineofsettlementbeyondtheMississippitothewest,whichhasrisenasasectionalpowertochallengethepoliticaldominanceoftheEastandtheSouth.Before1860,theUnitedStateshadbeguntochangeintoanindustrialandurbansociety.Literarycharacteristics:Romanticism,TranscendentalismTheriseofNationalismII.AmericanRomanticismTheRomanticPeriodinthehistoryofAmericanliteraturestretchesfromtheendofthe18thcenturytotheoutbreakoftheCivilWar,whichstartedwiththepublicationofWashingtonIrving'sTheSketchBookandendedwithWhitman'sLeavesofGrass.Inthisperiod,anewemphasiswasplacedupontheimaginativeandemotionalqualitiesofliterature,alikingforthepicturesque,theexotic,thesensuous,thesensational,thesupernaturalandremotepastwasfostered,andanincreasingattentiontothepsychicstatesoftheircharacterswaspaid,andaboveall,theindividualandthecommonmanwasexalted.Dr.F.H.Hedge,anAmericantranscendentalist,thoughttheessenceofromanticismwasaspiration,havingitsorigininwonderandmystery.AmongtheaspectsoftheromanticmovementinEnglandmaybelistedasa)sensibility;b)primitivism;c)loveofnature;d)sympatheticinterestinthepast,especiallythemedieval;e)mysticism;andf)individualism.III.TwoEarlierWriters1.WashingtonIrving2.JamesFenimoreCooperIV.AmericanTranscendentalismThemostclearlydefinedliterarythoughtinthisperiodisNewEnglandTranscendentalism.1.ThedefinitionofTranscendentalismTranscendentalismhasbeendefinedphilosophicallyastherecognitioninmanofthecapacityofknowingtruthintuitively,orofattainingknowledgetranscendingthereachofthesenses.TheAmericantranscendentalistmovement,itselfpartofthebroader19thCenturyEuropeanRomanticmovement,wasinspiredbythepublicationofEmerson'sessay,Naturein1836andSelf-Reliancein1841.LikeotherRomantics,Americantranscendentalistsrejectedtheprevailingphilosophyofempiricismwhichheldthatallknowledgecomesfromexperience,frominformationacquiredbythefivessensesandtheintellectualcapacitytoreason.Whiletranscendentalistsagreedthatknowledgeofthephysicalenvironment(ormatter)wasacquiredthisway,theyassertedthateachandeveryindividualcouldalsolearnaboutahigherreality,theworldofthespirit,throughaninbornpower.Knownascommonsenseorintuition,thistrans-scendentalpowerfunctionedaboveandbeyondthefivesenses.Thefacultyofintuitionprovidedeverypersonwiththeirownabilitytoknowwhatisabsolutelytrue.Transcendentalistssawnaturenotonlyasbeautiful,butasareflectionofdivinity--literally,thefaceofGod.Theybelievedthatthemacrocosm(theuniverse)andthemicrocosm(theindividual)weredirectlyconnected.Bothalsocontainedthedivine,aswellasallotherobjects,animateandinanimate.Theybelievedthatthepurposeofhumanlifewasunionwiththeso-calledover-soulwhichembraced--andwasreflectedin--everythingintheworld.Peoplecoulddeveloptheirpotentialbyimmersingthemselvesinthebeautyofthenaturalworld.Beautyandtruthcouldbeexperiencedonlythroughintuition,thoughcarefulobservationofnaturemighthelptouncoveritslawsandprovideaglimpseintothedivine.Thoughtranscendentalistswerepreoccupiedwiththeworldofspirit,theytendedtobeanti-religious,thatis,theyfeltthatorganizedchurchesobstructedtheindividual'srelationshiptoGod.TheyfeltthattheauthorityoforganizedreligionneededtoberejectedandthatpeopleneededtofindGodwithinthemselves,throughthepowerofintuition.Inpursuitofthisdivineknowledge,seekersneededtobepreparedtoresistacceptedsocialcodesandcustoms.Truthcouldbefoundinnatureandwithinone'sself.Self-relianceandindividuality--notobediencetooutsideauthority--werethepathwaystoself-understandingandtothedivine.Onlybybeingtruetoone'sspiritualquest,bybeingpreparedtoreallyseenaturearoundandwithinone'sselfandtolistentoone'sintuitivepower,couldonefindthetruth--andGod.PrincipalideasofTranscendentalismarebasedondoctrinesofancientandmodernEuropeanphilosophers,particularlyKant.ItwasstartedbyagroupofmembersoftheTranscendentalClubinNewEnglandinthe1830s,whoseleaderswereEmerson,whowasgreatlyinfluencedbyCarlyle,Coleridgeandothers,andhisyoungfriendThoreau.Asthemovementdeveloped,itsponsoredtwoimportantactivities:thepublicationofTheDialduring1840-1844andBrookfarm.Theirmainnotionsinclude:a)livingclosetonature;b)thedignityofmanuallabor;c)thedivinityinmaninhisownright;d)onegreatbrotherhoodamongallthepeople;e)self-trustandself-reliance;andf)theneedtoresistthevulgarprosperityofthebarbarian.2.TwoRepresentativesA.RalphWaldoEmerson(1803-1882):leadingNewEnglandTranscendentalistNature:In1836abookentitled“Nature”byRalphWaldoEmersoncameoutandmadeatremendousimpactontheintellectuallifeofAmerica.Ituttered,”TheUniverseiscomposedofNatureandtheSoul,”and“Spiritispresenteverywhere.”Awholenewwayofthinkingbegantoexertitsinfluenceontheconsciousnessofman.Nature’svoicepushedAmericanRomanticismintoanewphase,thephaseofNewEnglandTranscendentalism,thesummitofAmericanRomanticism.InfluencesofUnitarianismonEmersonEmerson'sinfluenceonlaterwritersB.HenryDavidThoreau(1817-1862):Mainworks:AWeekontheConcordandMerrimackWalden,oraLifeintheWoods(published1854),CivilDisobedience(1849)TheMaineWoodsCapeCodAboutThoreauHeknewthecountrylikeafoxorabirdandpassedthroughitasfreely
本文标题:American-Romanticism浪漫主义在美国
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