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Bloodvesselsofbrainandspinalcord脑和脊髓的血管脑血管脑血管的特点:1.脑动脉壁较薄,主要为其中、外膜较薄2.脑静脉壁因为缺乏平滑肌也较薄3.静脉不与动脉伴行4.有独特的硬脑膜窦5.血液与神经元之间的物质交换,是通过对物质有选择性的血-脑屏障,因此具有重要的临床意义脑的动脉1.人脑的血供丰富,安静情况下,占体重2%的脑需全身供血量的的20%。脑组织不仅耗量很大,(占全身总耗氧量20~30%),而且无能源物质的储存。故脑组织对血供的依赖性是很强的。同样脑组织对缺氧也是十分敏感的。2.脑由两对动脉干供血颈内动脉椎—基底动脉3.两动脉在脑底形成大的动脉吻合—大脑动脉环;4.脑动脉壁的中膜和外膜的管径远较同等大的颅外动脉为薄脑的动脉1、颈内动脉2、椎—基底动脉颈内动脉基底动脉椎动脉ArteriesofbrainTwosourcesInternalcarotidartery:suppliesanterior2/3ofcerebralhemisphereandpartsofdiencephalonVertebralartery:suppliespostterior1/3ofcerebralhemisphereandpartsofdiencephalon,brainstemandcerebellum脑血管配布方式1.旁正中动脉是从大脑动脉环内侧发出的中央动脉_内侧中央动脉,发出后在中线两侧穿入脑实质,供应中线附近的中央核区。2.长旋动脉是从大脑动脉环发出的大脑前、中、后动脉。由脑的腹侧面绕至内侧面或背外侧面,输送血液经过长距离达大脑半球表面,形成广泛吻合的软膜动脉网,再发出分支穿入脑实质。3.短旋动脉是三个大脑动脉接近大脑动脉环处发出的分支_外侧中央动脉。发出后走行短距离穿入脑实质,供应长旋动脉与旁正中动脉营养范围以外的部分。皮质支和中央支供应大脑半球的动脉可分为皮质支和中央支。皮质支进入软膜后先吻合成网,然后从吻合网上发出细小分支,以垂直方向进入皮质,在脑实质内的长短不一,短支分布于皮质,长支可经皮质一直延伸到皮质下髓质。中央支起自动脉主干的近侧端,几乎垂直穿入脑实质供应脑内灰质核团,如基底核、丘脑等,也分布到脑的白质如内囊、外囊等。颈内动脉颈内动脉在相当于甲状软骨上缘、或第4颈椎水平发自颈总动脉。在颈部上升,无分支,直达颅底。然后穿颞骨岩部颈动脉管,在破裂孔上份进入颅内。弯曲向前通过海绵窦,前进至蝶骨小翼前床突内侧处,穿海绵窦壁的硬脑膜,然后穿蛛网膜,进入蛛网膜下隙,再向后上方弯曲,在脑底面前穿质附近,发出脉络膜前动脉和后交通动脉后,分为大脑前动脉和大脑中动脉两大终支。颈总动脉颈内动脉Internalcarotidartery颈内动脉颅内段按X线解剖可分5段:岩骨段(C5)行于颞骨岩部内,由后外向前内走形海绵窦段(C4)行于海绵窦内,由后向前膝段(虹吸弯段C3)由海绵窦段移行为床突上段的转折处,呈“C”形走向床突上段(C2)位于前后床突连线的稍上方,由前向后终段(C1)参与组成脑底动脉环32415C1终段C2床突上段C3虹吸段C4海绵窦段C5岩骨段Arteriesofbrain颈部岩部海绵窦部大脑部颈内动脉虹吸部锁骨下动脉椎动脉基底动脉分段颈段颈动脉管段海绵窦段脑段颈内动脉分支Anteriorcerebralartery大脑前动脉Middlecerebralartery大脑中动脉Anteriorchoroidalartery脉络丛前动脉Posteriorcommunicatingartery后交通动脉Internalcarotidartery颈内动脉Anteriorcerebralartery大脑前动脉Middlecerebralartery大脑中动脉Anteriorchoroidalartery脉络丛前动脉Posteriorcommunicatingartery后交通动脉前交通动脉Anteriorcerebralartery大脑前动脉JoinedthefellowoftheoppositesidebytheanteriorcommunicatingarteryCorticalbranches:supplyallmedialsurfaceofthecerebralcortexasfarbackastheparietooccipitalsulcusandsuperiorborderofthesuprolateralsurfaceofthecerebralhemisphereCentralbranches:supplycaudatenucleus,anteriorpartoflentiformnucleusandanteriorlimbofinternalcapsule大脑后动脉大脑前动脉眶动脉额极动脉额叶前内侧支额叶中内侧支额叶后内侧支旁中央动脉楔前动脉胼周动脉大脑后动脉大脑前动脉大脑中动脉Middlecerebralartery大脑中动脉Corticalbranches:supplymostofsuperolateralsurfaceofcerebralhemisphereandinsularlobeCentralbranches:supplylentiformandcaudatenuclei,genuandposteriorlimbofinternalcapsule(lenticulostriateartery)Anteriorchoroidalartery脉络丛前动脉:passesbackward,entersinferiorhornoflateralventricle,andendsinchoroidplexus.Itsupplieslateralgeniculatebody,posteriorlimbofinternalcapsule,middle3/5ofcruscerebri,andglobuspallidusPosteriorcommunicatingartery后交通动脉:runsbackwardtojoinposteriorcerebralartery大脑中动脉眶额a中央前沟a中央沟a中央后沟a颞叶前a顶后a(顶前a)角回a颞叶中a颞叶后a后交通动脉脉络丛前动脉脉络丛后动脉大脑后动脉颈内动脉前交通动脉大脑前动脉颈内动脉后交通动脉大脑后动脉大脑动脉环(Willis环)Vertebralartery椎动脉CranialbrancheAnteriorandposteriorspinalarteries脊髓前、后动脉Posteriorinferiorcerebellarartery小脑下后动脉BranchesofbasilararteryAnteriorinferiorcerebralartery小脑下前动脉Labyrinthineartery迷路动脉Pontinearteries脑桥动脉Superiorcerebellarartery小脑上动脉Posteriorcerebralartery大脑后动脉Arteriesofbrain颈部岩部海绵窦部大脑部颈内动脉虹吸部锁骨下动脉椎动脉基底动脉基底动脉脊髓前动脉椎动脉脊髓后动脉小脑下后动脉小脑下前动脉小脑上动脉大脑后动脉基底动脉椎动脉小脑下后动脉脊髓前动脉大脑后动脉小脑上动脉脑桥动脉迷路动脉小脑下前动脉后交通动脉脉络丛前动脉脉络丛后动脉大脑后动脉颈内动脉PosteriorcerebralarteryCorticalbranches:supplymedialandinferiorsurfacesoftemporallobeandoccipitallobeCentralbranches:supplydorsalthalamus,medialandlateralgeniculatebodies,hypothalamusandsubthalamus大脑后动脉大脑前动脉顶枕a距状沟a颞下后动脉颞下中动脉颞下前动脉颞极a大脑后动脉大脑前动脉大脑中动脉Cerebralarterialcircle(circleofWillis)Formation:formedbyanteriorcommunicatingartery,bothanteriorcerebralarteries,internalcarotidarteries,posteriorcommunicatingarteries,andposteriorcerebralarteriesPosition:liesonsellaturcicaaroundopticchiasma,tubercinereumandmamillarybodies前交通动脉大脑前动脉颈内动脉后交通动脉大脑后动脉大脑中动脉基底动脉海绵窦BlockageAreaofoxygendeprivesbrainThrombusPlaqueSubarachnoidhemorrhageMicroaneurysmLenticulostriatearteries豆纹动脉微动脉瘤视网膜下出血IntracerebralhemorhageArteriovenousmalformation脑的静脉与一般体静脉相比,有以下特点1、管壁缺乏肌肉和弹力纤维,管壁薄,无弹性。2、脑静脉大多不与动脉伴行。3、脑静脉分浅、深两组,两组之间均存在吻合。4、脑静脉干穿出软膜,跨过蛛网模下隙,注入硬脑膜窦。5、脑静脉和硬脑膜窦内没有防止血液倒流的静脉瓣装置,仅在脑静脉开口于硬脑膜窦处有瓣膜,起改变血流方向的作用。VeinsofbrainVeinsofbrainSuperficialcerebralveinsDrainbloodfromcortexandsubcorticalmedullarysubstanceandemptyintoadjacentsinusesofduramater以外侧沟为界,分为上、中、下三组大脑上静脉上矢状窦大脑中浅静脉大交通静脉大脑上静脉上矢状窦枕交通静脉横窦大脑下静脉横窦VeinsofbrainDeepcerebralveins:draindeeperpartsofhemispheres,basalnuclei,internalcapsule,diencephalonandchoroidplexus,ultimatelyformgreatcerebralveinwhichenterstraightsinus大脑深静脉大脑内静脉大脑大静脉基底静脉枕内静脉透明隔静脉后终静脉脉络膜静脉前终静脉丘脑纹状体上静脉第三脑室松果体大脑内静脉大脑内静脉位于第三脑室顶中缝两侧由透明隔静脉、脉络膜静脉和丘脑纹体上静脉在室间孔后上缘汇合而成后行,沿途接受侧脑室静脉至松果体后方两侧大脑内静脉合成大脑大静脉基底静脉大脑大静脉大脑前静脉大脑中深静脉BloodvesselsofspinalcordArteriesofspinalcordTwosourcesAnteriorandposteriorspinalarteriesBranchesofsegmentalarteries:radiculararteriesofposteriorintercostalsarteries,lumbararteries,andlateralsacralarteriesDamagearea:T1~T4,ventralpartofL1vascularring(vasocorona)2、脊髓的血管(1)脊髓的动脉脊髓前动脉脊髓后动脉椎动脉椎动脉分支肋间后动脉分支腰动脉分支节段动脉BloodvesselsofspinalcordSpinalveins:drainintointernalvertebralvenousplexus
本文标题:脑和脊髓的血管
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