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动词不定式是非谓语动词的一种,它没有人称和数的变化,在句子中不能独立作谓语,但它仍保持动词的特点,既可以有自己的宾语和状语。用法动词不定式具有名词、形容词和副词的特征。因此在句中可以做主语、表语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语和状语。定义基本形式一般形式todonottodotobedone一般式表示的动作或状态,发生在谓语动词表示的动作或状态的同时或之后否定形式被动形式完成形式完成式表示动作或状态,发生在谓语动词表示的动作或状态之前tohavedone进行式表示的动作或状态,与谓语动词表示的动作或状态同时发生tobedoing进行形式•HeissaidtotranslatethebookintoEnglish•ThebookissaidtobetranslatedintoEnglish•ThebookissaidtohavebeentranslatedintoEnglish.•HeissaidtobetranslatingthebookintoEnglish.•不定式做主语一般表示具体,将来的,某次的动作。(1)Itis/was+adj.+ofsb.todo…(2)Itis+adj.+forsb.+todo…(3)itis+a+名词+todo不定式作主语经常表示具体动作,常与特定的动作执行者联系在一起;而动名词作主语经常表示抽象动作,经常不与特定的动作执行者联系在一起。It'snogoodeatingtoomuchfat.It'snogoodforyoutoeatsomuchfat.•Happinessisnotaboutbeingimmortalnorhavingfoodorrightsinone’shand.It’sabouthavingeachtinywishcometrue,orhavingsomethingtoeatwhenyouarehungryorhavingsomeone‘slovewhenyouneedlove.Neveroffertoteachfishtoswim.Ifinditreallydifficulttointendtoforgetyou.主语宾语定语表语补语状语不定式分词动名词不定式动名词动词介词动词介词41111.动词不定式作宾语常用动词有:decide/determine,choose,learn,want/wouldlike/care,expect/hope/wish,plan,manage,fail,help,offer,promise,refuse,arrange,agree,ask/beg/demand,pretendEg:Wehopetogettherebeforedark.Neveroffertoteachfishtoswim.1)、“动词+带to的不定式结构”决心学会想希望,计划设法不能帮。主动答应拒安排,同意请求巧假装。注:不定式也常用在系动词seem,appear,等后作宾语•Heseemed_______byhisfathersincehelookedupsetthen.A.tobescoldedB.tohavebeenscoldedC.beingscoldedD.scoldedB2)下列动词或动词短语的后面只能跟动名词:putoff,postpone,advise,suggest,like,imaginemind,deny,miss,practice,consider,finish,delay,can’thelp,insist,giveupavoid,riskThesquirrelswasluckythatitjustmissedbeingcaught.3)有些动词既可跟不定式作宾语,也可跟动名词作宾语,但含义不同记住要做某事;记得曾经做过某事忘记要做某事忘记曾经做过某事停下来去做某事停止做某事继续做另一件事继续做原来在做的事remembertodorememberdoingforgettodoforgetdoingstoptodostopdoinggoontodogoondoing•regrettodo•regretdoingsth•trytodosth•trydoingsth•meantosth•meandoingsthEg:Irememberseeingyousomewherebefore.Pleaseremembertoturnoffthelightwhenyouleave.离开时请记得关好灯。我记得以前在哪儿见过你。eg:Wethoughtitwrongnottohelpher.Theyfounditimpossibletogeteverythingreadyintime.4):如果作宾语的不定式结构后面还有自己的补语,则应使用先行it,把不定式后置find/think/consider/find/feel/makeit+adj/noun+todo•1.Wefinditeasytoreachthemooncomeback,butwefindittroublesometocrossourownstreetandmeetourneighbors.•2.TheteachersmakesitaruleforustospeakEnglishintheclassroom.•3.Wemakeitourdutytostudyhardatschool.•4.Ihavemadeitcleartothemnottoplaygamesthisafternoon.5).介词之后的宾语•Lookforwardto,devoteoneselfto,beusedto,objectto,payattentionto,adaptoneselfto,abandononeselfto,beaddictedto,beequaltodoinghavetroubleindoingsthHaveagoodtimeindoingsth注:不定式结构一般不可作介词宾语,只有在个别场合,即在含有否定意义的带有介词except或but(=except)的结构中才能这样用.Eg:Heseldomcomesexcepttolookatmypictures.Hedidn’tdoanythingexceptplaycomputergames.Hedidn’tlearnnothingatschoolexcepttoplaycomputergames.注意不定式符号的省略问题!donothingbut/except后的不定式不带to.需要注意的是,此句型中but/except前必须要有实义动词do时,but/except后的不定式to才能省略,否则to则不省.我们用一句话概括就是:有do无to,有to无do.Eg:Shehasnochoicebuttowaitforthenews.Hecoulddonothingbutwait.Hewilldoanythingforyouexceptlendyoumoney..6.一般都是:疑问词+不定式作动词,也可作介词的宾语宾语.Eg:I’mworryingaboutwhattodonext.Marxgavesomeadviceonhowtolearnaforeignlanguage.动词+疑问词+不定式这种不定式结构接近一个名词从句疑问词(也称连接代/副词)有:whatwherewho(m)whenhowwhether•这类动词常见的有:telladviseshowteachfindoutdecidediscusslearnforgetinquireknowexplainrememberseeunderstandwonder等。Eg:Idon’tknowwhattodo/wheretogo/who(m)toask/whentostop/howtogetthere.Ihaven’tdecidedwhethertosellitornot.Wemustfindoutwhattodonext/wheretoputit.7.在beworth,deserve,want,need,require后用动名词的主动形式表示被动含义。[误]Theplantneedsbewatered.[正]Theplantneedswatering.[析]needtobedone=needdoing,动名词主动形式表被动。二、再语态。•不必考虑或考虑完毕非谓语动词的固定结构后,再分析非谓语动词与它的逻辑主语的关系,如果是被动关系,则要选用相应的被动形式,如tobedone,beingdone,done等。一、先结构。•非谓语动词充当动词的宾语时候,它的形式要由前面的动词决定。因此,我们要先考虑它与前面动词固定搭配的结构形式。有些动词的宾语只接动词不定式;而有些动词或动词短语则要求只能用动名词(-ing)作宾语。三、后时态。•前面两种情况都考虑完后,我们要根据语境分辨非谓语动词这个动作或状态与对应的谓语动词两个动作发生的顺序选择正确的时态。如果非谓语动词这个动作或状态在对应的谓语动词之前所发生的,则要用完成式tohavedone(主动)或tohavebeendone(被动);同时发生的,tobedoing(被动);之后发生的,可用不定式todo(主动)或tobedone(被动)。•1.Idon’tseehowIcouldpossiblemanage_________theworkwithout———。•A.finish;helpingB,tofinish;beinghelpC.finishing;helping•Dfinishing;beinghelped•2.Iwouldloveto______thepartylastnightbutIhadtoworkextrahourstofinishareport.•A.togoB.tohavegone•C.goingD.Havinggone•3.Ourprofessorhasjustcomebackfromaboard.Heseems____histripverymuch.•A.enjoyB.tohaveenjoyed•C.tobeenjoyingD.tohavebeenenjoying•4.Noonecanavoid_____byadvertisements.•AtobeinfluencedBbeinginfluencedC.influencingD.havinginfluenced•5.markoftenattemptstoescape______wheneverhebreakstrafficregulations.•A.havingbeenfinedB.tohavebeenfinedCtobefinedD.beingfined非谓语作主语•一、不定式和动名词作主语与表语的比较表示具体的、一次性的或将来的动作用不定式;表示一般的、泛指的或习惯性的行为用动名词。如:◎________isagoodformofexerciseforbothyoungandold.(全国卷)A.ThewalkB.WalkingC.TowalkD.Walk【分析】答案选B。agoodform暗示泛指一般性行为,用动名词作主语。说明:①有时这种区别并不很严格。但要注意:主语和表语要用同一种形式;平行结构中要用同一种形式。如:•◎—WhatdoyouthinkmadeMarysoupset?—________hernewbike.(上海卷)A.AsshelostB.LostC.LosingD.Becauseoflosing【分析】答案选C。去掉问句中的插入语doyouthink,便知要回答的是主语what。选项中只有动名词Losing可作主语,全句应为:LosinghernewbikemadeMarysoupset.此处的动名词短语表示的是具体的一回事。•◎Thepurposeofnewtechnologiesistomakelifeeasier,________itmoredifficult.
本文标题:74非谓语动词作宾语
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