6-American-Black-Literature

BlackAmericanLiterature学习指导美国黑人文学起源于黑人奴隶歌曲，这些歌曲，不论是悲歌还是民歌，倾诉了黑人背井离乡、沦为奴隶的痛苦心情。书写文学最早出现在18世纪，19世纪以后陆续增多。表现形式先是诗歌，再是小说。黑人文学在20世纪20年代有了较大发展，纽约的黑人区出现了“哈莱姆文艺复兴”。休斯(1902-1967)是当时涌现出来的优秀作家。他的作品发掘了黑人古老传统，树立了民族自尊心。到了30年代未，黑人文学的战斗性进一步增长，出现了理查德·赖特的《土生子》(1940)这样的优秀作品。战后黑人文学更趋成熟。拉尔夫·埃利逊(1914-)的小说《看不见的人》和鲍德温的散文，均已达到第一流文学的水平。他们对种族不平等的抗议采取了更细腻、更深刻的表达方式。他们希望人们认识到黑人是具有全部人性的人。60年代之后更有获得诺贝尔文学奖的优秀女作家托尼·莫里森(1931-),将黑人文学推上了新的高峰OverviewNegro:coloured（legallyfree）black（aftercivilrightsmovement）OralTradition（1）songsandballads（2）spirituals:sorrowofthesingers＊earlierconditionandlongingforfreedom（3）blues:aftercivilwar,derivedfromworksongsofloneliness,separation,losses,wonderings,love,desperation,senseofdoom（4）jazz:afterWWI,developedfromblues,diedoutintheGreatDepressionWrittenLiterature（from1760s）(1)（1）poetry:religious,enduring,patienttothewhite（2）slavenarrative:autobiographicalexperienceoftheperson（3）1920s:HarlemRenaissance,NewYorkblack,blackdialectandblackfolkloreofthenewnegro.representatives:LangstonHughes（blackpoetlaureate）,Huston,ClaudeMcKayWrittenLiterature（from1760s）(2)（4）1940s:RichardWright,RalphEllison（5）50s~60s:alotofblackwritersemergedinthecivilrightsmovement:JamesBaldwin,Brooks,Jones（6）70s~80s:publishingofRoot（AlexHaley）,AliceWalkerTheColourPurple,ToniMorrison（thesecondwomanwriterandtheonlyblackwhowonNobelPrize）JamesLangstonHughes詹姆斯·兰斯顿·休斯1902-1969Mulatto混血儿（剧本）;TheWearyBlues疲倦的歌声;DearLovelyDeath亲爱的死神;ShakespeareinHarlem哈莱姆的莎士比亚;IWonderasIWander我漂泊我思考;TheBestofSimple辛普尔精选RichardWright1.life2.worksUncleTom’sChildren汤姆叔叔的孩子们;NativeSon土生子;BlackBoy;黑孩子TheLongDream漫长的梦;EightMen八人行TheOutsider局外人（thefirstnovelofexistentialisminAmerica,publishedinFrance）ThemesandSubjectsHiscommonthemeistocondemnracism,urgereform,criticizeevilsofsociety.Hisbooksfocusonracialconflictandphysicalviolence.Theyreviewthedevastatingeffectofinstitutionalizedhatred（hatredbroughtbysocialsystem）andhumiliationonblackmales’psyche.Theyaffirmeddignityandhumilityofsociety’soutcasts.WritingTechniques:Realism,NaturalismHetriestoshowthatpeoplecannotescapefromsociety.Therefore,societymustbechanged.Heisafatherfigure,especiallytothewritersofviolence.AlexHaley亚历克斯·哈利(1921-1992)TheAutobiographyofMalcolmX马尔科姆·艾克斯自传Roots根;Hanning汉宁镇（自传体小说）RalphEllison拉尔夫·埃利林(1914-)1.life2.works:InvisibleMansignificance:Ithasauniversalityoftheme（problemsofallmodernpeople）,notonlyregionaldilemmaofexistence.3.attitude:complexityofart,thebestartmakesgoodpolitics,notviceversa.长篇小说：InvisibleMan看不见的人散文集：ShadowandAct影子与行动;GoingtotheTerritory步入文学界JamesBaldwin(1)1.life2.works（1）GoTellItontheMountain（2）NotesofaNativeSon（3）NobodyKnowsMyName（4）TheFireNextTimeJamesBaldwin(2)3.pointofview:Baldwincallsfortheblackstoresorttomeansincludingforcesoastobringaboutthenation＊sself-realization.Hesawloveandunderstandingasdifficultbutnecessarywaytoovercomeracialconflict.4.themes:race,homosexualityAliceWalker1.life2.works（1）Once（acollectionofpoems）（2）InSearchofOurMothers’Gardens（womanisminsteadoffeminism）（3）TheColourPurple（epistolary）AliceWalker沃克1944-长篇小说：TheThirdLifeofGrangeCopeland格兰治科普兰的第三次生活;Meridian梅丽迪安;TheColorPurple紫色名文：TheCivilRightsMovement:WhatGoodWasIt?短篇小说集：InLoveandTrouble相爱与苦恼;YouCan’tKeepaGoodWomanDown好女人永不屈服散文集：InSearchofOurMothers’Gardens诗集：Once有一次;RevolutionaryPetunias革命的牵牛花传记：LangstonHughesToniMorrison(1)1.life2.works（1）TheBluestEye（2）Sula（3）SongofSolomon（thebestblacknovelafterNativeSonandInvisibleMan）（4）TarBaby（5）Beloved（6）Jazz（7）Love（trilogy）ToniMorrison(2)3.themes:love,guilt,history,individual,gender,race,religion4.purpose:toempowertheblackpeopletoactforthemselves,torecognizefortheirownworld,ownhistory,ownreality5.stylemanykindsoffactors:naturalism,realism,fantasy,reality,magicalrealismSamShepard萨姆·谢泼德1943-剧本：Cowboys牛仔;TheRockGarden岩石花园;Cowboys#2牛仔第二号;Chicago芝加哥;OperationSidewinder响尾蛇行动;Mloddrama情节剧