美国黑人文学-African-American-Literature

4.6AfricanAmericanLiterature1.BriefIntroductiontotheHistoryAmongthethemesandissuesexploredinAfricanAmericanliteraturearetheroleofAfricanAmericanswithinthelargerAmericansociety,African-Americanculture,racism,slavery,andequality.AfricanAmericanwritinghasalsotendedtoincorporatewithinitselforalformssuchasspirituals,sermons,gospelmusic,bluesandrap.2.LongProcessofEvolutionEarlyStage:Oraltradition(songs,balladsandspirituals)18thcentury:AbolitionistmovementandtheCivilWarMid-19thcentury;()Laterpartofthe19thcenturyandtheearly1920s(HarlemRenaisssance)3.ThreeRepresentativeWorks1940:NativeSon《土生子》--RichardWright1952:InvisibleMan《隐形人》--RalphEllison1977:SongofSolomon《所罗门之歌》--ToniMorrisonI.thefirstdecadesof20thcentury:Poetry----3categories:----twogreatfigures:1)BookerT.Washington(1856-1915)2)W.E.B.DuBois(1868-1963)W.E.B.DuBoisthefirstblacktobeawardedadoctoraldegreefromHarvardUniversityinCambridge,Massachusetts.DuBoiscametoprominenceasanadvocateofracialequality.I.thefirstdecadesof20thcentury:Fiction1)JamesWeldonJohnson(1871-1038)2)CharlesW.Chesnutt(1858-1932)II1920s:HarlemRenaissance(NewNegroMovement)1)LangstonHughes(1902-1967)(theleader;thegreatestofall)“NegroArtistandtheRacialMountain”:themanifestooftheRenaissance“…WeyoungerNegroartistswhocreatenowintendtoexpressourindividualdark-skinnedselveswithoutfearorshame.Ifwhitepeoplearepleasedweareglad.Iftheyarenot,itdoesn’tmatter.Weknowwearebeautiful.Anduglytoo.…Ifcoloredpeoplearepleasedweareglad.Iftheyarenot,theirdispleasuredoesn’tmattereither....”SterlingA.Brown(1901-1989)(poet,critic;BlackcultureinruralSouthernUnitedStates)ZoraNealeHurston(1891-1960)佐拉·尼尔·赫斯顿IIITheRedRadical1930s1)LangstonHughes(1902-1967)2)RichardWright(1908-1960)IVModernisttendency:(writewithanindividualvoiceformedbypolymerizingwesterntraditionandlocalculture)Threewriters：1.ZoraNealeHurston(1891-1960)2.LangstonHughes(1902-1967)3.RichardWright(1908-1960)ZoraNealeHurstonknownforherinterpretationsofAfricanAmericanfolktalesandforhernovelsfocusingonsouthernblackcultureintheUnitedStates.LangstonHughes:wroteinseveralliterarygenres,includingpoetry,plays,shortstories,andnovels.HealsobecameknownforthecharacterSimple,whomhecreatedinanewspapercolumn.HughesusedtalesofSimpletoexpresstheviewsofordinaryblackcitizens.TheNegroSpeaksofRivers“黑人谈河流”I’veknownrivers:I’veknownriversancientastheworldandolderthantheflowofhumanbloodinhumanveins.Mysoulhasgrowndeepliketherivers.IbathedintheEuphrateswhendawnswereyoung.IbuiltmyhutneartheCongoanditlulledmetosleep.IlookedupontheNileandraisedthepyramidsaboveit.IheardthesingingoftheMississippiwhenAbeLincolnwentdowntoNewOrleans,andI’veseenitsmuddybosomturnallgoldeninthesunset.I’veknownrivers:Ancient,duskyrivers.Mysoulhasgrowndeepliketherivers.thepoemdepictsanAfrican-AmericanwhorecognizesandreaffirmshisconnectiontoAfricaandusesthatAfricanheritageasasourceofpride.“…Certainly,Ipersonallyknewveryfewpeopleanywherewhowerewhollybeautifulandwhollygood.BesidesIfeltthatthemassesofourpeoplehadasmuchintheirlivestoputintobooksasdidthosemorefortunateoneswhohadbeenbornwithsomemeansandtheabilitytoworkuptoamaster'sdegreeataNortherncollege.Anyway,Ididn'tknowtheupperclassNegroeswellenoughtowritemuchaboutthem.IknewonlythepeopleIhadgrownupwith,andtheyweren'tpeoplewhoseshoeswerealwaysshined,whohadbeentoHarvard,orwhohadheardofBach.Buttheyseemedtomegoodpeople,too.McCarthyismisthepracticeofmakingaccusationsofdisloyalty,subversion,ortreasonwithoutproperregardforevidence.SecondRedScare,(thelate1940stothelate1950s)（1950-1954）characterizedbyheightenedfearsofcommunistinfluenceonAmericaninstitutionsandespionagebySovietagents.SenatorJosephMcCarthyRichardWright理查德·赖特toprotestdiscriminationagainstblacks,wroteaboutwhitesociety’snegativeinfluenceonblackculture.joinedtheCommunistPartyinthe1930sandlefttheCommunistPartyin1944耶鲁大学开放课程：1945年后的美国小说02.Richard.Wright,.Black.Boy