翻译目的论

IntroductiontoSkoposTheory翻译目的论SkoposisaGreekwordfor‘purpose’.AccordingtoSkopostheorie(thetheorythatappliesthenotionofSkopostotranslation),theprimeprincipledetermininganytranslationprocessisthepurpose(skopos)oftheoveralltranslationalaction.TranslationSkoposTheoryistheimportanttheoryofthefunctionalistapproaches.SkoposTheoryholdsthattranslationisanintentionalcross-culturalcommunication,whichshouldtaketheexpectedfunctionstobeachievedinthetargetcultureastheprimaryreference.Atranslatorshouldchoosetranslationstrategiespurposefully,thetranslationstrategiesshouldbedeterminedbytheintendedfunctionofthetargettext.Therefore,ithasbrokenthelimitationof“equivalencetranslation”andmademoretranslationpossible.ThefounderofthefunctionalistapproacheshasbeenKatharinaReiss,shehaspublishedanarticletitled“PossibilitiesandLimitationsofTranslationCriticism”in1971,whichhassuggestedthatthefunctionoftheversionisastandardoftranslatingcriticism,andpointedoutthebasisoftranslatingcriticismistherelationbetweenfunctionsofthesourceandtargettext.Shethinksthatlanguagehasthreekindsoffunctions:representational,expressiveandappellative(呼吁型).Apieceofwritingseldomonlyhasonekindoffunctions,butalwayshasonefunctiontobeamajorfactor.Shedividestheversionintothreekindscorrespondingly:Attachimportancetocontentorinformation,attachimportancetothelanguageformandattachimportancetotheeffecttoreader.ReissandVermeerwroteabookentitledGroundworkforaGeneralTheoryofTranslationin1984.Theysuggestedthattranslationshouldbecontrolledbythemainfunction.Basedonactiontheory,takingthetextpurposeasthefirstruleintheprocessofthetranslation,VermeerhascreatedtheTranslationSkoposTheory.Accordingtotheactiontheory,SkoposTheorytakestranslationasakindofhumanaction,whichhasspecialpurposes.Whenwe’retranslating,weshouldpayattentiontothepurposeofthetranslationandthereaders.Guidedbythehumanactiontheory,TranslationSkoposTheoryplacestranslationinthescopeofthestudy.SkoposTheory,whichemphasizesthefunctionoftargettexts,maintainsthattranslationisapurposefulinterculturalactivityandthatallthetranslationshouldobeythefollowingthreerules:theskoposrule,thecoherenceruleandthefidelityrule.1)theSkoposRule.Thisruleisthemostimportantandit’sthecoreprincipleofSkoposTheory.Accordingtothisrule,thewholetranslation,whichincludesthechoiceofthetranslationmethodsandstrategies,isdecidedbythepurposethattranslationactionneedattain.Thefulfillmentofthecommunicativepurposeinthetargetcultureplaceanimportantroleinthetranslationprocess.Aboutthisview,VermeerandReissstateintheirbookGeneralFoundationsofTranslationTheory,“Theoverallframeofreferenceforthetranslatorshouldbetheoriginalanditsfunction,asequivalence-basedtranslationtheorywouldhaveit,butthefunctionorsetoffunctionsthetargettextistoachieveinthetargetculture”(Reiss&Vermeer,1984:123).2)theCoherenceRule.Thetranslationshouldbeinaccordancewiththestandardofinner-languagecoherence.Theinner-languagecoherencemeansthatthetranslationshouldbeunderstoodbythereaderanditshouldbemeaningfulinthetargetcultureandthecommunicativecontextthetranslationused.3）theFidelityRule.Thefidelityrulerefersthatthesourcetextandthetargettextshouldbeinaccordancewitheachotherontheinter-languagecoherence,Inter-languagecoherenceissimilartothefaithfulnesstothetext.Howisitfaithfultothetextandwhatformisdecidedbythepurposeofthetargettextandtheunderstandingofthetranslatortothesourcetext.ChistianeNordputforwardafunctionplusloyaltymodel,whichcaresaboutloyaltyofthetranslatortothetargettextreceiversandtheoriginalauthors.Thatistosaythecoherenceruleandthefidelityrulearenotthepopularsuitablerules,everytranslationshouldobeytheskoposruleandthefidelityrule,whicharetheimportantrulesinthefunctionalisttranslationtheoryandthepopularrulesduringtheprocessofthetranslation.Whilethecoherenceruleandthefidelityrulebelongstothespecialrules,infact,thefidelityruleisbasedonthecoherencerule,whenthetranslationcan’tobeythefidelityrule,theadequacyofthetranslationbecomesthecriterionofthetranslation.AccordingtoSkoposTheory,translationistoproduceasuitablefunctiontargetversionbasedonthesourceversion.TherelationsoftwodifferentversionsshouldbeexplainedbySkoposTheory.AfactualresultofSkoposTheoryistoemphasizetheplaceofthesourceversion.Theroleofthesourceversionshouldbedecidedbythetranslatorinthetranslationaction.Thepurposeaccuratelyexplainedisthedecisivefactor,thetranslatorshouldtranslateitbasedontheprecisepurpose.Thepurposeoftranslationshouldbedecidedbythespecificsituation,adoptingthedomesticationtotranslateitintotarget-languageculture,oradoptingtheforeignizationtotranslateitintotheversioncankeepthesource-languageculturesceneandbefamiliarwiththesourceculturebythereaders.Thetranslatorshouldknowthesignificationandthepurposeofthetranslation,whileacertainpurposeisonlyoneofmanypurposes.Everytexthasnotonlyonecorrectoridealtranslation.Sothetaskoftranslationshouldbeclearorpurposefullyexplained,thepurposeofthetargettextshouldnotbecompletelythesame.Butthetargettextshouldhavethedefinitepurpose,otherwisetranslationcan’tbecompleted.Eversince1970s,morean