法国沛丰-从风险评级的角度看小额信贷机构的风险管理

ThecopyrightofthisdocumentbelongstoPlanetRatingandtheauthor,ThisdocumentcannotbepublishedorduplicatedwithoutthepermissionofPlanetRatingandtheauthor此文件版权属于沛丰评级及作者，未经许可不得擅自转载或用作他途。RiskmanagementforMFIsfromaRatingPerspective从从风险评级的角度看小额信贷机构（MFI）的风险管理PlanetRating44ruedeProny,75017Paris–FranceTél:33149212630–Fax:[e-mail]-运营总经理邮箱：[e-mail]16July2012,BeijingChinaRiskmanagementforMFIsfromaratingperspectiveWHAT?DefinitionofRatings评级的定义16July2012,BeijingChinaRiskmanagementforMFIsfromaratingperspectiveWHATISARATING?什么是评级？DEFINITION:Aratingprovidesaconciseopiniononthefutureperformanceofaninstitution.(Futureperformance=currentperformance+managementofrisksthatcouldaffecttheperformance)定义：评级就是精要地评价一家机构在未来的绩效。（未来绩效=当前绩效+对可能影响绩效的风险管理）RATING1:INSTITUTIONALRATING:ItprovidesanopiniononthelongtermsustainibilityofanMFI,byassessingitsperformanceandrisklevel.评级1：机构评级：通过评估小额信贷机构的绩效和风险水平，从而对其可持续发展能力进行评价。RATING2:SOCIALPERFORMANCERATING:ItprovidesanopiniononthecapacityofanMFItoachieveitssocialgoals.评级2：社会绩效评级：评价小额信贷机构实现其社会目标的能力16July2012,BeijingChinaRiskmanagementforMFIsfromaratingperspectiveWHATFOR?GoalsofRatings评级的目标16July2012,BeijingChinaRiskmanagementforMFIsfromaratingperspectiveGoalsoftherating评级的目标MFI小额信贷机构Investor,Donor投资者、捐赠者RatingAgency评级机构Lackofreliable,objectivedata缺少客观、可靠的数据TheRatingallowstounderstandthestrengthsandweaknesses评级让小额信贷机构了解自身优势和弱点Theratingallowstheinvestortohavealltheinformationheneedstomakeadecision评级让投资者掌握可可以帮助其做出决策的所有信息16July2012,BeijingChinaRiskmanagementforMFIsfromaratingperspectiveYesterday昨天和今天Photos:KivaTodayTheunhappyclient忧心忡忡的客户Thebadloanofficer收不回欠款的信贷员16July2012,BeijingChinaRiskmanagementforMFIsfromaratingperspectiveWhyevaluate?为什么要评估？Forexternalparties(investors,stakeholders)对外（投资者、利益相关者）Reporttoexistinglenders/donors向现有的债权人或捐赠者汇报机构情况Attractnewsourcesoffunding吸引新的投资Betterdesign/tailorTA能够获得量身定制的技术支持AccessfundsorTA获取资金或技术支持Forthemicrofinancesectorasawhole:对整个小额信贷行业：Promotecommunication促进交流Improvetransparencyinthesector增加行业透明度Enhanceindustryperformanceandinternationalexposure提高行业绩效和国际知名度Forinternalpurposes(management,board)对内（管理层、董事会）:Buildupself-evaluationcapacity培养进行自我评估的能力Compareperformancetobestpractices&otherMFIs找出自身与业界最佳业绩及其他小额信贷机构的差距Makeinformeddecisions获取充分信息，以便做出决策16July2012,BeijingChinaRiskmanagementforMFIsfromaratingperspectiveGIRAFERatingTimelineGIRAFE评级流程Interviews和以下人员面谈HQ:managementteam,accountants总部：管理团队、会计Branches:loanofficers,branchmanagers,clientsBoardofdirectors’members分部：信贷员、分部经理、客户、董事会成员Auditor,regulator,financialpartners,competitors审计师、监管人、投资合伙人、竞争对手Informationverification信息确认Financial,operational&clientdata财务、运作、客户数据AdministrativemanualsanddocumentsLegaldocuments管理手册、文件,法律文件Presentationofpreliminaryconclusions汇报初步结论Preparation准备期On-sitemission现场评估Debriefingsession听取报告PhaseI第一阶段1month1个月PhaseII第二阶段5to7businessdays5-7工作日PhaseIII第三阶段4weeks4周YourcommentsMFI点评Draftreport报告草稿Finalreport最终报告RatingCommittee评级委员会ReportDissemination分发报告Afour-phaseprocesstopublishtheratingwithinfiveweeksfromtheon-sitemission从现场评估开始历时5周、经历4个阶段，才提交评级报告Datagathering搜集数据SendingkeydocumentstoPlanetRating将重要文件发送给沛丰评级Reportwriting撰写报告Draftreport:草稿3weeks3周Yourcomments:MFI点评1week1周PhaseIV第四阶段1week1周Ratingcommittee评级委员会Finalization:定稿1week1周Initialanalysis初步分析FirstanalysiscarriedoutbyPlanetRating’steam沛丰评级专家团队给出首份分析报告16July2012,BeijingChinaRiskmanagementforMFIsfromaratingperspective图示GIRAFE评级-分数-趋势-日期机构介绍评级总体情况发展展望绩效指标Clearandstraightforwardratingreports简单、清晰的评级报告TheRatingReport评级报告A++A+AA-B++B+BB-C++C+CC-DE16July2012,BeijingChinaRiskmanagementforMFIsfromaratingperspectiveMisconceptionsaboutRatings对评级的误解16July2012,BeijingChinaRiskmanagementforMFIsfromaratingperspectiveMISCONCEPTIONN°1误解1RATINGSANDAUDITSARETHESAMETHING….评级和审计相同Auditsarebackward-looking:theyprovideanoverviewofthefinancialpositionoftheinstitutionandassessitscomplianceoftoregulatoryrules审计是对过去的回顾：综述机构的财政状况并评估其对监管规则的遵守情况Ratingshappenonceauditsareconducted.评级在审计完成后才进行Ratingsareforward-looking:theyprovideanevaluationoftheoverallperformanceofaninstitution评级是对未来的展望：评估机构的总体绩效16July2012,BeijingChinaRiskmanagementforMFIsfromaratingperspectiveMISCONCEPTIONN°2误解2RATINGSAREONLYSUITEDFORBIGANDMATUREINSTITUTIONS….评级只适合成熟的大型机构Ratingscanbeusefulforanykindofinstitutionsregardlessoftheirsizeornumberofyearsofoperations评级对任何机构都有帮助，不分机构的规模和运营时间Ratingsforstart-upinstitutionslookingforfundingaftertwoyearsofoperations:fixtheproblemsbeforetheygetbigger!为运作了2年寻找投资的初创机构评级：在壮大之间解决机构存在的问题！16July2012,BeijingChinaRiskmanagementforMFIsfromaratingperspectiveDefinitionofrisks风险的定义16July2012,BeijingChinaRiskmanagementforMFIsfromaratingperspectiveWhatisrisk?什么是风险RiskmeansDanger风险意味着危险Lendingoutmoneytoanotherpersonmeansthere’sapotentialonelosesthemoney钱借出去就有可能收不会来RiskmeansOpportunity风险意味着机会Lendingoutmoneyprovidestheopportunitytoearnincomeonthemoneylent借出去的钱有机会带来收益NORISKMEANSNOPROFIT!!没有风险就没有利润！！RiskmanagementisNOTtoavoidriskcompletely,ortomakeriskzero风险管理不是完全避开风险或者将风险