流域突发性水污染风险区划与管理方法研究

国内图书分类号：X321学校代码：10213国际图书分类号：628密级：公开硕士学位论文流域突发性水污染风险区划与管理方法研究硕士研究生：唐行鹏导师：尤宏教授申请学位：工程硕士学科：环境工程所在单位：环境科学与工程系答辩日期：2012年7月授予学位单位：哈尔滨工业大学ClassifiedIndex:X321U.D.C:628DissertationfortheMasterDegreeinEngineeringRESEARCHONMETHODOLOGYTORISKZONATIONANDMANAGEMENTOFSUDDENWATERENVIRONMENTALPOLLUTIONCandidate：TangXingpengSupervisor：Prof.YouHongAcademicDegreeAppliedfor：MasterofEngineeringSpecialty：Env.Sci.&Eng.Affiliation:DepartmentofEnv.Sci.&Eng.DateofOralDefense:July,2012DegreeConferringInstitution:HarbinInstituteofTechnology哈尔滨工业大学工学硕士学位论文-I-摘要进入21世纪，我国流域突发性重大水污染事故频繁发生，对人体健康和水生生态构成重大威胁，造成巨大的经济损失。突发性水污染事故事前往往没有预兆，没有事前风险防范，在这种情况下流域风险区划作用更加显著。流域水环境风险分区能够通过分析流域内环境风险分布规律，按照区域自然环境及社会经济环境的结构与功能特点，将一定区域划分成不同风险等级的分区，确定不同分区的环境风险管理的优先顺序，从而实现行之有效的环境风险管理对策，保障区域内人们的身体健康及社会经济稳定健康发展。而且还可以揭示区域和区域间的相似性和不同的环境风险分布，能指导环境风险管理，从而有效的预防突发性水环境污染与危害。本文在前人研究基础上，总结影响流域水环境风险的主要因素，从风险源的风险性和风险受体的脆弱性两方面，提出流域突发性水环境污染事故风险分区技术。风险性分区方法：基于流域突发性水污染事故特点及SPR（压力-状态-响应）模型构建出分区指标体系；采用AHP（层次分析法）-模糊综合评价法对风险源进行综合评价；在分区单元和分区原则的基础上，实现了风险分区；借助GIS平台，实现风险性分区的可视化。面对同一突发性水污染时，不同的风险受体受到的影响不同，因此要对风险受体进行综合评价。评价方法：基于层次分析法的结构，构建了一套适合脆弱性分区的指标体系，采用AHP（层次分析法）-模糊综合评价法对风险受体进行脆弱性计算；得到分区单元的脆弱性模糊向量，根据最大隶属度原则，实现脆弱性分区；借助GIS平台，实现脆弱性分区的可视化。以松花江干流为例，调研了研究区内的社会状况、经济状况、敏感目标状况和风险源状况。借助GIS平台，将调研数据输入到ArcCIS数据库中。选择17家可能产生重大水污染事故的风险源，根据风险性区划方法，实现了风险性分区；对风险受体进行综合评价，实现了研究区的脆弱性分区。根据风险性和风险受体的评价结果，提出了分区管制建议，更好的预防松花江干流突发性水环境污染事件的发生，为松花江流域水环境管理决策提供了参考依据。关键词：分区;风险性;脆弱性;松花江;GIS;分区管制哈尔滨工业大学工学硕士学位论文-II-AbstractInrecentyears,abruptwaterenvironmentalpollutionaccidentsoccurmoreandmorefrequentlyinaregion.Thesuddenwaterpollutionincidentsbringpressureontheenvironment,changingthesituationofenvironment,causingsignificantthreattohumanbeingsandecosystems.Accuratezonationofenvironmentalriskpcouldrovideanimportanttoolforpreventingandreducingsuchaccidents.Hence,itisindireneedofresearchingonmethodologytoriskzonationofsuddenwaterenvironmentalpollution.Areasonableriskpreventionframeworkforabruptenvironmentalpollutionaccidentsispresentedthroughoccurrencesstudyandriskzonation.Theriskzonationofsuddenwaterenvironmentalpollutioncanputacertainareadividintodifferentrisklevelsofpartition,throughanalysisdistinctstructureandfunctionoftheregionalnaturalandsocio-economicenvironment.Italsodeterminethepriorityofenvironmentalriskmanagementtoachieveeffectiveenvironmentalriskmanagementmeasures,therebyitcanprotectthepeopleandbringthesocio-economicstabilityandhealthydevelopment.Onthebasisofpreviousstudies,thispapersumupthemajorfactorsofimpactingwaterenvironmentalriskandprovidethemethodologytoriskZonationofsuddenwaterenvironmentalpollutionfromriskofthesourceandvulnerabilityofthereceptor.Themethodologyofrisk:Azonationindexsystemandmeasuringmodelsofwaterenvironmentalriskareproposed,basedonthePressure-State-Response(PSR),researchofwaterenvironmentalrisksystemandanalysisofcausesofsuddenenvironmentalpollutionaccidentsoccurred.Furthermore,inthispaper,consideringthepollutionaccidentscharactersoperabilityprinciples,theindexsystemincludeninefactorsfromthreeaspects:waterenvironmentalrisksources,riskreceptors,ControlmechanismsandInfluence.Then,weightvalueofeachindexoftheindexsystemwasobtainedbyanalytichierarchyprocess(AHP)throughconsultingexperts.Atthesametime,gradingstandardsofeveryearlyZonationindexhavealsobeenobtainedbyreferringtotheexistinginternationalstandards,codesandexpertadvices,aswellasthroughcomparingthehazardlevelsofhistoricalenvironmentalevents,AHPevaluationandsyntheticallyfuzzyassessmenthavealsobeenappliedtojudgetherisksourcesgradingofsuddenwaterpollutionaccidents.Onthebaseofthezonationprinciplesandunits,thispaperachieveriskzonation.Tofacethesamesuddenwaterpollution,thedifferentreceptorshavethedifferentinfluence,thereforeweshouldevaluatethereceptors.Themethodologyofvulnerability:Azonationindexsystemmeasuringmodelsofwaterenvironmentalreceptorsareproposed,basedontheanalytichierarchyprocess(AHP).Atthesametime,gradingstandardsofeveryearlyZonationindexhavealsobeenobtainedbyreferringtotheexistinginternationalstandards,codesandexpertadvices,哈尔滨工业大学工学硕士学位论文-III-aswellasthroughcomparingthehazardlevelsofhistoricalenvironmentalevents,AHPevaluationandsyntheticallyfuzzyassessmenthavealsobeenappliedtojudgethereceptorsgradingofsuddenwaterpollutionaccidents.Onthebaseofthezonationprinciplesandunits,thispaperachievevulnerabilityofthereceptorzonation.Thetechniquewasappliedinthecaseofenvironmentalriskzonationinthemainstreamofsonghuariveranditwasdividedintofourzoneswithriskdegreesofhigh,medium,low,andlowerandVulnerabilityofhigh,medium,low,andlower.Accordingtothezoningresultsofriskandvulnerabilityofthepartition,thepaperprovidetherecommendationstopreventtheoccurrenceofsuddenSonghuaRiverwaterenvironmentpollutionincidentsandprovidesareferencefortheSonghuaRiverBasinWaterEnvironmentalManagementDecision.Keywords:zonation;risk;vulnerability;Songhuariver;zonationmanagement.哈尔滨工业大学工学硕士学位论文-IV-目录摘要...........................................................................................................................IAbstract..........................................