海上化学品泄漏环境风险生态损害价值评估

284Vo.l28,No.4200911JOURNALOFOCEANOGRAPHYINTAIWANSTRAITNov.,2009:20081007:(2007008);(2008121):(1976~),,,.张继伟1,2,杨志峰1,汤军健2,陈楚汉2(1.,100875;2.,361005):选择厦门市海沧化工园区为典型案例区,以二甲苯为研究对象,采用数值模拟技术,对海岸带化工园区化学品泄漏的环境风险与生态效应进行了预测和识别,评估了海洋生态服务功能水质生物潮滩生境4种对象的价值损失.结果表明,泄漏地点风向潮时以及泄漏量是影响化学品泄漏环境风险差异的主要因素.当泄漏量较小泄漏点靠近化工泊位时,E风低潮时对海洋生态影响最大,此时最大生态价值损失约为3994万元;当泄漏量较大泄漏点位于靠近外海的船舶锚地时,SSW风高潮时对海洋生态影响最大,生态价值损失最大为18732万元.在4种对象中,生态服务功能损失和生物损失对价值损害的贡献最大.:海洋环境学;化学品泄漏;环境风险;生态损害价值评估DO:I10.3969/J.ISSN.10008160.2009.04.015:X145:A:10008160(2009)04052608,,.,PTA(),,.,,,,.,.()[1].,,,,.,,,[2].,.,,,,.[3][4][5][6][7].[8].,,.,,,,.4:11.1,.(),2002PTA,270t,80t.,9~123~5t,54m2,1132,t596,t()536.t,,1.6km.20004,,,,.P1P2.1.2PTA(PX).,,,Ef[9],.;,[10-12].1.3()4[7].4,.[3-7,13],(1).1Tab.1EvaluationmethodsofecologicaldamagecausedbymarinexylenespillFXE=!ni=1fxifxi=fxdi∀fxai∀si∀ti(1)(1):fxi###i,;i###,;fxdi###i,/(km2∀a),∃%121829.50/(km2∀a)[13];5851.82/(km2∀a)[14];fxai###i(2),km2,Si###i,HEA,,,NOAAHEA3%,[5];ti###i,(a).,,,,;,,100t,3.6h,1000t,11h,,.,1a.∀527∀281()FXW=WP+WC∀S∀H(2)(2):WP###,(),PTA(17838);WC###(/a),PTA(5/t);S###(m2),300g/dm3;H###(m),0.5m.FXS=D∀S∀H∀R∀P(3)(3):FXS###();D###,2004~200734.5&104cells/dm3,[15],,1799.2mg/m3;241.7mg/m3;5.46t/km2,554%,3.02t/km2;44.3%,2.42t/km2;77.4g/m2.H###(m);S###(m2),[(Algaechroma)(Daphniamagna)(Clupeapallasi)(Mytilusedulis)][16-24];R###(%),,100%;,,30%,10%[7,13];P###(/),,.,,10%[25].FXB=XC+XD+XR(4)(4):FXB###();XC###,().(1km2),,,,100,2d,200/d,4;,.,5(350/h),10(200/h),1d(8h/d)3.XD###(),,0.70/t;XR###,,().,(,0.05kg,0.5,,30%)().∀528∀4:22.1E4.5m/sSSW3.5m/s,(P1P2),16.,P1100,tP21000.t,,1623.2Tab.2Areaofpollutionbyunsolvablexylenespillunderdifferentconditions/km2/km2/km2/km2P1E12.229.7711.2510.980.450.394.886.78SSW3.293.642.237.800.010.040.003.60P2E57.4463.0066.1069.720.470.5619.7910.46SSW125.2467.4434.9581.280.550.640.884.233Tab.3Areaofpollutionbysolublexylenespillunderdifferentconditions/km2()()()()()P1E1.473.1823.760.861.841.353.5517.100.612.201.8415.1928.792.4510.533.439.5629.771.476.25SSW1.472.8221.440.741.841.473.3116.290.742.081.7212.8627.442.699.313.318.7026.831.595.76P2E18.3834.9176.8112.4928.7918.8639.0876.8112.0130.0124.8737.7357.8215.4433.4423.1532.9549.3715.9329.77SSW19.1137.1279.8711.8830.0118.6238.8379.3811.6429.4025.7337.8558.4315.5633.5623.432.9552.1916.1729.52,P1100t,E,,6.78km2;SSW,,∀529∀28,3.6km2.P21000t,E,,19.79km2;SSW,,,,,4.23km2.1.1Fig.1Driftareaofunsolvablexylenefilmundertypicalconditions;,P1,E;;SSW.P2,SSW;;SSW;SSW.2.2.24,P1100t,ESSW,,,,ESSW.,SSW,,,,.P21000t,SSW,SSW;,;SSW,,5423.90~5792.41;E,,.ESSW,,,,,.,E,;,SSW,,.,,.∀530∀4:4Tab.4Valueofmarineecologicaldamagebyxylenespillunderdifferentconditions/////P1(100t)E724.996340.09711.3637.341813.79583.29241.22637.2036.851498.561206.32968.851693.22125.53993.891420.78581.311146.65148.193296.93SSW181.78292.63518.2119.941012.56204.61292.63498.2420.741016.22122.391063.761456.010.002642.16862.51628.771061.73113.982666.99∀531∀284()/////P2(1000t)E3209.314939.175503.3237.8513689.653525.334749.365750.0541.7214066.466015.956105.755667.25469.0818258.035088.796299.525423.90258.0017070.21SSW6940.174697.957054.8338.9718731.923778.674603.045790.2743.5414215.522024.426153.205438.7757.1713673.564971.496394.435792.41124.6917283.023,,,.4,.100t,,1012.56~3993.89,E;1000t,,13689.65~18731.92,SSW.,,,:(1),16,.,,.(2),,..(3),,.,,,.(4),,.,,,.,,,,.,.,,.:[1].[M].:,2000.[2].[M].:,2007.[3],,.[J].,2000,19(3):6063.[4],,,.BP[J].,2005,(1):6569.[5]FrenchD,McCayJJ,RoweNW,eta1.Estimationofpotentialimpactsandnaturalresourcedamagesofoil[J].JournalofHazardousMatefiats,2004,107:1125.∀532∀4:[6]RichardWD,ThomasCG,WilliamHD.Useofhabitatequivalencyanalysisinnaturalconservation[J].EcologicalEconomics,2004,48:4970.[7],,.[M].:,2005.[8],,,.[J].,2006,27(2):115119.[9].[J].,2002,23(2):1114.[10]DeborahPFMcCay,NicoleW,MatthewW,eta.lSpillhazardevaluationforchemicalsshippedinbulkusingmodeling[J].EnvironmentalModelling&Software,2006,21:156169.[11]KarinU,MartinD,FrankW,eta.lAsoftwaretoolfordesigningcosteffectivecompensationpaymentsforconservationmeasures[J].EnvironmentalModelling&Software,2007,11:12.[12],,.[J].,2006,25(1):2932.[13].HY/T0952007[S].:,2008.[14].[J].,2006,4(2):101107.[15],,.[J].,2000,22(1):102109.[16],,,.[J].,2003,9(1):4952.[17].[D].:,2006.[18],,,.[J].,2002,26(1):4650.[19],.[J].,2004,23(2):245252.[20]MelissaE,GlenJ.VanDK.StimulatoryeffectsofselctedPAHsontestosteroneproductioningoldfishandrainbowtroutandpossiblemechanismsofaction[J].CoparativeBiochemistryandPhysiology,2001,130:249258.[21]BeatrizPC,BlancaL,EduardoP,eta.lEvaluationofPAHbioaccumulationandDNAdamageinmussels(Mytilusgalloprovincialis)exposedtospilledPrestigecrudeoil[J].CompBiochemPhysio,lPartC,2004.138:453460.[22]StekollMS,DeysherL.ResponseofthedominantalgaFucusgardneri(Silva)(Phaeophyceae)totheexxonvaldezoilspillandcleanup[J].MarPollutBul,l2000,40(11):10281041.[23]DownsCA,ShigenakaG,FauthJE,eta.lCellularphysiologicalassessmentofbivalvesafterchronicexposuretospilledExxonValdezcrudeoilusinganovelmoleculardiagnosticbiotechnology[J].EnvironSciTechno,l2002,36:29872993.[24]SeanYS,