大学英语精读教程-How-to-Debate

HowtoDebateDefinitionofArgument1.Toputforthreasonsfororagainst;2.Toproveorattempttoprovebyreasoning.3.Togiveevidenceofyourreasoning.4.Topersuadeorinfluence,asbypresentingreasons.BasicTermsDebateTopic主题affirmative/pro/forteam正方negative/con/againstteam反方Judges评委DebateMatterMannerMethodTheBuildingblocksforadebateIncludestheactualArgumentsyouuseHowyoupresentyourcaseIncludesbodylanguageanddeliveryThestrategicchoicesmadeinadebateItisthedeliverystyleadebaterusestopersuadetheaudience.Itisinvolvedinphysicalandvocalaspects:Appearance(dressappropriately)Stance站姿●physicalaspectGesturesEyecontactStyle(beyourselfbutplanforvariety)UseofnotesUseofnotesTips:(1)Don’tread(2)Dousenotes:toremindyouwhattosay,toremindyouwhentosayit,toremindyouhowtosayit.HowtoUseNotes:(1)Mainpoints:theheadingsnotafullscript(2)Theorderofthepoints:structureofspeech(3)Thestyle:voice,speed,pause(toremindyouwhentousesoftcalmvoice,whentomoreaggressive,whentoslowdown)(4)Leavesomespaces(torenumbertheorderifnecessary)(5)Evidenceforeachmainpoint(smallcards,notpaper)(6)Havesparecardstowriterebuttal辩驳notes(7)Difficultwordsforpronouncingorremembering(inbigletters)Volume(don’tshoutbutbeheard)Voice(varythepaceandpitch)Speed(don’tgabble:slowdown,clear,formal)Pauses●VocalaspectLanguage(keeplanguagesimple)signpostingrepetitionHumorPreparationTips:1.Askingyourselvesquestions:KnowledgeResourceofTeammembers:Howmuchdoweknowofthisissue?DebatingPositionsofYourTeam:Whatadvantageswillwehavewiththistopic?KnowledgeofOpposingTeam’sstatus:Whatarethestrengths/weaknessesofouropponentsinthisdebate?2.Definingthetopic:clearlystatingmeaningsof“keyterms”3.CreatingArgumentsthatsupportit,splitthetopicintoseveralparts,leteachmemberrunonepart.Debatetips:BeagoodlistenerandmakenoteswhilelisteningMakegooduseofcardsandnotesAskingwell-preparedquestionsisagoodwayBefirm,powerfulbutpoliteYouaremorelikelytopersuadeanaudiencebyfocusingonwhattheybelievethanwhattheydon’tbelieveYouaremorelikelytowinbyarguingfromadifficultpositionFormalDebateStructure1.openingstatement/speech立论陈辞2.freedebate自由辩论3.closingstatement/speech总结陈辞Techniquesofdebating1.Openingstatements:——tostateargumentsI.Brainstorming(集思广益)ArgumentsII.StandardsofargumentqualityAcceptability可受性Relevance相关Sufficiency详实Beingspecific具体III.StrongargumentsVsWeakarguments:astrongreasonhasthefollowingqualities:itlogicallysupportstheopinion.itisspecificandstatestheideaclearly.itisconvincingtoamajorityofpeople.IV.kindsofevidencetosupportargumentsFacts:normallyreferstoobjectivestatementsandempiricallyverifiabledata—thiscomesfromresearchExample:fromyourownexperienceorfromwhatyouheardorread.CommonSense:thingsthatyoubelieveeverybodyknows.ExpertOpinion:theopinionsofexperts—thiscomesfromresearch.Statistics:numbers—thisalsocomesfromresearch.supportable2.Freedebatethinkingandreasoning说理1)horizontalthinking(水平思维)analogicalreasoning(类比推理):thecomparisonofonethingtoanotherthingofasimilarnaturesoastomakeiteasierandclearertounderstandparallelthinking(平行推理):thecomparisonofpartofonephenomenontothecounterpartofsomeotherphenomenontoachieveunexpectedandbetterreasoningeffect2)verticalthinking(垂直思维)proofthinking—providingevidence(正向思维)disproofthinking--providingcounter-evidence(逆向思维)combinationofevidenceandcounter-evidence(往复思维)causalreasoning(因果推理)whethertheattributedcauseisabletogeneratetheparticulareffect?whethertheclaimedcauseistheonlypossiblecauseoftheeffect?whethertheallegedcauseisrelevanttotheeffectdescribe?3.ClosingStatements——AbriefreviewofthepreviousdebateandarestatementofyourargumentI.abriefreview:makegooduseofthenotestakeninthefreedebatesessionandsummarizethemainpointsoftheoppositeside;trytorefuteasmanypointsasyoucanwhichyouhavealreadyattackedsuccessfullyinthefreedebateII.correspondingtotheopeningstatement:mentionagainthemainpointofyourownside;consolidateandfurtherdevelopyourargument4.ExpressionsinthedebateIamafraidIcan'tagreewithyouon…I’msorrytosaythatyourexampledoesnotproveanything…Pleaseremember,ourdearopponents,…..Wemustacknowledgethat…..Itisahardfact/truththat…..Youmighthavemisunderstoodthepointinthefirstplace.Yourevidenceisnotstrongenoughtosupportyourpoint.Whatyousaidisnotrelevanttothetopic.Pleasehearmeout/pleaseallowmetofinish….Excuseme,canIsaysomethingabout….?Youdohaveapoint.However,…Butpersonally,…Accordingtomyobservation,…UsefulexpressionsI’dliketostronglydisagreewithyou…ActuallyIdon’tthink…Talkingabout…Ithinkyoumisunderstoodtheconceptof…We’restronglyforthat…We’restronglyconvincedthat…You’rewithus.Youdohaveapoint.However,…Butpersonally,…Accordingtomyobservation,…Howtoagreestronglywithanopinion.Icouldn'tagreemore!That'sabsolutelytrue!Absolutely!Iagreewithyourpoint.I'dgoalongwithyouthere.I'mwithyouonthat.That'sjustwhatIwasthinking.That'sexactlywhatIthink.That'sagoodpoint.That'sjusthowIseeit.That'sexactlymyopinion.Howtohalfagreewithanopinion.Yes,perhaps,however...Well,yes,but...Yes,inaway,however...Hmm,possibly,but...Yes,Iagreeuptoapoint,however...Well,youhaveap