11.社会语言学

LanguageandSocietySocialclassdialect--thelinguisticvarietycharacteristicofaparticularsocialclassSpeakerAIdidityesterday.Hehas’tgotanything.Itwasshethatsaidit.SpeakerBIdoneityesterday.Heain’tgotnothing.Itwasherwhatsaidit.Whatissociolinguistics?Sociolinguisticsisthefieldthatstudiestherelationbetweenlanguageandsociety,betweentheusesoflanguageandthesocialstructuresinwhichtheusersoflanguagelive.UsersofalanguagespeakdifferentlyThekindoflanguageaspeakerchoosestouseisinpartdeterminedbyhissocialbackground.Andlanguage,initsturn,playstheroleofconveyinginformationaboutitsspeaker.Whenwespeakwecannotavoidgivingourlistenerscluesaboutouroriginandourbackground.Varietiesoflanguage语言的变体Usersofthesamelanguagedonotspeakthelanguageinthesamemanner.–TheEnglish-speakingpeopledonotspeakthesametypeofEnglish.–Thelanguageusedbythesameindividualvariesascircumstancesvary.Thereexisttypesorvarietiesofthesamelanguage.VarietiesoflanguageThevarietiesofalanguageareassumedtoberelatedbothtothelanguageuserandtheusetowhichlanguageisput.Varietiesrelatedtotheuserarenormallyknownasdialects(方言)andvarietiesrelatedtouseasregisters(语域).LanguageVariety:adefinition语言变体Languagevariety/speechvarietyreferstoanydistinguishableformofthelanguageusedbyaspeakeroragroupofspeakersinagivencontext.VarietiesoflanguageDialectalvarieties(Languagevarietiesrelatedtouser)方言Register(Varietiesrelatedtouse)语域Degreeofformality(Varietiesrelatedtouse)语体DialectalVarieties(Languagevarietiesrelatedtouser)–regionaldialect地域方言–sociolect社会方言–languageandgender–languageandage–idiolect个人语言–ethnicdialectRegionaldialectRegionaldialectsarelinguisticvarietiesusedbypeoplelivingindifferentregions.Regionaldialectboundariesoftencoincidewithgeographicalbarrierssuchasmountains,rivers,orswamps,largelyduetothelackofcommunicationintheolddayswhentravelwasdifficult.ThemapofEnglishdialectsThemapofEnglishdialectsThismapshowsthedistanceofEnglishdialectswithrespecttoStandardEnglish.•Red:highsimilaritytotheStandard•Blue:majorpecularitiesSociolectSociolectreferstothelinguisticvarietycharacteristicofaparticularsocialclass.Isthespeakeramanorawoman?Oh,goodgracious,howdidyoucutyourselfsobadly?It’snothing,justascratch.LanguageandgenderThelanguageusedbymenandwomenhavesomespecialfeaturesoftheirown.–Femalespeechcloselyapproachesthestandardvarietythanmalespeech.–Femalespeakerstendtohaveawiderrangeinintonation.–Differentuseoflexicalitems.(eg.exclamations.)IdiolectIdiolectisapersonaldialectofanindividualspeakerthatcombineselementsregardingregional,social,genderandagevariations.EthnicdialectAnethnicdialectisasocialdialectofalanguagethatcutsacrossregionaldifferences;itismainlyspokenbyalessprivilegedpopulationthathasexperiencedsomeformofsocialisolationsuchasracialdiscriminationorsegregation.–BlackEnglishLinguisticrepertoire(使用者掌握的全部语言变体）Anynativespeakerofalanguageisinpossessionofavarietyofwaysinusingthelanguage.Thetotalityoflinguisticvarietiespossessedbyanindividualmakesuphislinguisticrepertoire.LanguagevarietiesrelatedtouseRegister(语域)—thetypeoflanguagewhichisselectedasappropriatetoatypeofsituation.Halliday’sregistertheory“Languagevariesasitsfunctionvaries;itdiffersindifferentsituations.”Thetypeoflanguageselectedasappropriatetoatypeofsituationisaregister(语域).ThreesocialvariablesthatdetermineregisterFieldofdiscourse（语场）--what?Tenorofdiscourse（语旨）--who?Modeofdiscourse（语式）--how?AnexampleofregisteranalysisCommunicationevent:alectureonbiologyinacollege.Field:scientific(biological,technical)Tenor:teacher-students(formal,polite,standard)Mode:oral(prepared,academic)Degreeofformality语体等级Languageusedondifferentoccasionsdiffersinthedegreeofformality,whichisdeterminedbythesocialvariables,e.g.whomwearetalkingwithandwhatwearetalkingabout.1.Visitorswouldmaketheirwayatoncetotheupperfloorbywayofthestaircase.2.Visitorsshouldgoupthestairsatonce.3.Wouldyoumindgoingupstairsrightaway,please?4.Timeyouallwentupstairsnow.5.Upyougo,chaps!SirMr.SmithFrederickFredMateMartinJoos’theoryFivestagesofformality:1.Frozen2.Formal3.Consultative4.Casual5.Intimate(刻板体，正式体，询议体，随意体，亲密体）VarietiesoflanguageLanguagevarietiesrelatedtouser–regionaldialect–sociolect–languageandgender–languageandage–Idiolect–ethnicdialectLanguagevarietiesrelatedtouse–Register(语域)–Degreeofformality(语体等级)Speechcommunity言语社会Agroupofpeoplewhoformacommunityandsharethesamelanguageoraparticularvarietyofalanguage.从地域或社会定义的共享一个语言系统或语言变体的人类群体。StandardVarietyWhichdialectisusuallythebasisforthestandardvariety?Whousethestandardvarietyandonwhatoccasion?Anyotherfeatures?StandardVarietyItisbasedonaselectedvarietyofthelanguage,thelocalspeechofanareawhichisconsideredthenation’spoliticalandcommercialcenter.Ithasawidelyacceptedcodifiedgrammarandvocabulary.Itisusuallyusedinprint,andspokenbyeducatednativespeakersandusedinnewsbroadcasts,officialdocumentsandpublicationsandonotherformaloccasions.Itisalsothevarietywhichisnormallytaughtinschoolsandtonon-nativespeakerslearningthelanguage.PidginandCreole皮钦语与克里奥耳语Pidginsaremixedlanguagesusedbypeoplewhospeakdifferentlanguagesforrest