APA正文格式样例

11.IntroductionIdiomsarethoughtofasthecoreandessenceoflanguageandculture.Anylanguagewhichhasalonghistoryisabundantinidioms.ManyofthewordsoftencontainenoughphilosophicalandincisivetheoriesforpeopletostudyandtheybecomeanimportantpartofmodernEnglish(Zhang,2009,p.8).Forexample:“Asamansows,soheshallreap”canbetranslatedinto“种瓜得瓜，种豆得豆”,“Tostrikewhiletheironishot”istranslatedas“趁热打铁”,“Alongroadtestsahorse’sstrengthandalongtaskprovesaman’sheart”canbetranslatedinto“路遥知马力,日久见人心”.Nowadays,withtheprosperingofinternationalcommunication,theactivityofidiomtranslationhasbecomeespeciallyfrequentandimportant.However,idiomsarestronglycombinedwithspecificculture,whichoftenleadstogreatdifficultyintranslation.Thus,studyingtherelationsbetweenidiomsandafewimportantculturalaspectssuchashistoricalbackgrounds,geographicalconditions,socialcustoms,religiousbeliefs,etc.willhelpustounderstandtheculturalelementsinidioms.Sincecultureplayssoimportantaroleininterculturalcommunication,theculturalfactorsindifferentlanguageshavebeenattractingmoreandmoreattentionoflinguisticscholars.Inordertomakeinterculturalcommunicationmoresuccessful,manyscholarshavebecomeinterestedinthestudyofculturalsimilaritiesanddifferencesencodedindifferentlanguages.Thestudyofculturalfactorsindifferentlanguagesisofsignificanceininterculturalcommunicationaswellasotherdisciplinessuchaslinguistics,languageacquisition,etc.ThispaperwillexpoundtheculturaldifferencesbetweenChineseandEnglishidiomsandexploretheroleofcultureplaysinunderstandingofidioms.2.TheculturalbackgroundsinidiomsIdiomsasaspecialformoflanguagecarryalargeamountofculturalinformation.Theyaretheheritageofhistoryandtheproductofculturalevolvement.Generallyspeaking,Idioms正文中的一级标题用14号timesNewRoman加粗，标题在某一页的开始，段前就不再另外空行，只段后一行即可。所有标题左对齐正文中的一级标题用14号timesNewRoman加粗，段前两行，段后一行。所有标题左对齐。正文中所有标题中只有第一个词的首字母，冒号和破折号后第一个词的首字母，及专有名词必须大写，其余小写APA格式：每级标题下的正文首段不缩进APA格式：每级标题下的正文第二段开始，以后每段都缩进五个字符。全部正文内容使用word1.5倍行距，12号TimesNewRoman从引言那页开始标页码，页码居中对齐。2comefromsociety,cultureandhistory;theyareincludedineverythingandrelatedtosociety’slifeandplayanimportantroleinculture.2.1ThedefinitionofcultureCultureisalargeandextremelycomplexconcept.Someforeignscholarsestimatethatnolessthan200definitionsfor“culture”havealreadybeencitedintheacademicfield,someofwhichareconcernedwiththematerialproductsofthepeople;othersdealwiththosespiritualaspectssharedbypeoplelivingincertaincommunities;stillothersfocusbothonbeliefsandpracticesofasociety.Hedefines,“cultureisthatcomplexwholewhichincludesknowledge,belief,art,morals,customandanyothercapabilitiesandhabitsacquiredbymanasamemberofsociety”(Luo,2005,p.27).ChinesescholarKe(2000,pp.142-143)statesinhisarticleCulturalPesuppositionsandMisreading“thatmostanthropologistsagreeonthefollowingfeaturesofculture:1)Cultureissociallyacquiredinsteadofbiologicallytransmitted.2)Cultureissharedamongthemembersofacommunityinsteadofbeinguniquetoanindividual.3)Cultureissymbolic.Symbolizingmeansassigningtoentitiesandeventsmeaningswhichareexternaltothemandnotabletobegraspedbythemselvesalone.Languageisthemosttypicalsymbolicsystemwithinculture;4)Cultureisintegrated.Eachaspectofcultureistiedinwiththeotheraspects”.2.2ThedefinitionofidiomIdiomsarethecrystallizationoflanguage.Withoutidioms,ourlanguagewouldbecomedullanddry,whereasanappropriateuseoftheminourspeechandwritingwilladdtothestrengthandvividnessofourlanguage.以后内容已省略.......ThedefinitionofidiominTheOxfordEnglishDictionaryisthatidiomisaformofexpression,grammaticalconstruction,phrase,etc,peculiartoalanguage;apeculiarityofphraseologyapprovedbytheusageofalanguage,andoftenhavingasignificationotherthanitsgrammaticalorlogicalone(2004,p.873).ThesedefinitionsindicatethatsomeEnglishidiomsarecomposedofseveralwords(fromtwowordstomanywords)andsomeareevenmadeofacompletesentence.二级标题及以下标题使用12号timesNewRoman加粗，段前一行，然后回车正常行距书写正文。正文不出现作者姓，则在括号中，作者姓，年份，p.页数正文出现作者姓，括号中写（年份，p.页码）或（年份，pp.起止页码）3Therefore,Englishidioms,inabroadsense,mayincludeidiomaticphrases,proverbialsayings,andsomeslangexpressions(Yu&Guo,1999,p.170).括号中两个作者中间加&2.3TherelationshipbetweenidiomandcultureLanguageiscloselyrelatedtocultureandcanbesaidasapartofculture.Fromadynamicview,languageandcultureinteractwitheachotherandshapeeachother.Languageisthecarrierofculture,whichinturnisthecontentoflanguage.Idiomshavetheirownculturalintention.Learningidiomswithoutconsideringtheculturalfactorswillbefutileandevenmisunderstanding,sincewecannotgettheexactinformationitconveys.以后内容已省略.......间接引用格式如下：Oneresearcher(Grayson,ascitedinMurzynski&Degelman,1996,p.135)identifiedfourcomponentsofbodylanguagethatwererelatedtojudgmentsofvulnerability.在找不到作者原书无法进行直接引用时，可间接引用。如Grayson的原书找不到，但是Murzynski&Degelman在他们书中引用过，则可以在括号中标出（原作者，ascitedin后再写引用过原作者话的作者名字（即Murzynski&Degelman），年份，p.页码）即可，在文章最后的参考文献中要写你能找到书的学者名字，即Murzynski&Degelman。3.TheculturaldifferencesbetweenEnglishandChineseidiomsAsanessentialpartofthelanguageandculture,idiomsarecharacterizedbytheirconciseexpressions,richandvivid,involvinggeography,history,religiousbelief,livingconventionsandsoon.3.1FromlivingsurroundingsCul