胡壮麟-语言学教程修订版-课堂笔记和讲义精选Chapter--(9)

中华英语学习网官方总站：圣才学习网官方总站：圣才学习网’sspeechorwritingoraparticularperson’suseofspeechorwritingatalltimesortoawayofspeakingorwritingataparticularperiodoftime.2.Stylistics:AccordingtoH.G.Widdowson,stylisticsisthestudyofliterarydiscoursefromalinguisticorientation.Hetreatedliteratureasdiscourse,thusadoptingalinguisticapproach.Thisbringsliteratureandlinguisticscloser.9.2Somegeneralfeaturesoftheliterarylanguage9.2.1Foregroundingandgrammaticalform1.Foregrounding:Foregroundreferstothepartofascenenearesttotheviewer,orfigurativelythemostnoticeableposition.Foregroundingmeanstoputsomethingorsomeoneinthemostessentialpartofthedescriptionornarration,otherthaninabackgroundposition.2.Inliterarytexts,thegrammaticalsystemofthelanguageisoftenexploited,experimentedwith,orinMukarovsky’swords,madeto“deviatefromother,moreeveryday,formsoflanguage,andasaresultcreatesinterestingnewpatternsinformandinmeaning.9.2.2Literallanguageandfigurativelanguage1.Literallanguage:Thefirstmeaningforawordthatadictionarydefinitiongivesisusuallycalledliteralmeaning.2.Figurativelanguage:A.k.a.trope,whichreferstolanguageusedinafigurativewayforarhetoricalpurpose.Wecanusesomefiguresofspeechsuchassimile,metaphor,metonymy,synecdoche,etc.9.2.3Theanalysisofliterarylanguage(Omit.Refertop288-290ofthetextbook.)9.3Thelanguageinpoetry[Nothingspecialhereinthisnote.Pleaserefertomynotenamed“SelectedReadingsofAmericanLiterature,p9-10.–icywarmtea]9.3.1Soundpatterning9.3.2Differentformsofsoundpatterning1.Rhyme(endrhyme):Thelastwordofalinehasthesamefinalsoundsasthelastwordofanotherline,sometimesimmediatelyaboveorbelow,sometimesoneormorelinesaway(cVC).2.Alliteration:Theinitialconsonantsareidenticalinalliteration(Cvc).3.Assonance:Assonancedescribessyllableswithacommonvowel(cVc).中华英语学习网官方总站：圣才学习网官方总站：圣才学习网(cvC).5.Reverserhyme:Reverserhymedescribessyllablessharingthevowelandinitialconsonant(CVc).6.Pararhyme:Wheretwosyllableshavethesameinitialandfinalconsonants,butdifferentvowels,theypararhyme(CvC).7.Repetition:Acompletematchofthesyllable(CVC).9.3.3Stressandmetricalpatterning1.Iamb:Aniambicfootcontainstwosyllables,anunstressedsyllablefollowedbyastressedone.2.Trochee:Atrochaicfootcontainstwosyllablesaswell,butinthiscase,thestressedsyllablecomesfirst,followedbyanunstressedsyllable.3.Anapest:Ananapesticfootconsistsofthreesyllables;twounstressedsyllablesarefollowedbyastressedone.4.Dactyl:Adactylicfootissimilartoanapest,exceptreversed–astressedsyllableisfollowedbytwounstressedones.5.Spondee:Aspondaicfootconsistsoftwostressedsyllables;linesofpoetryrarelyconsistonlyofspondees.6.Pyrrhic:Apyrrhicfootconsistsoftwounstressedsyllables.7.Metricalpatterning(1)Dimeter(2)Trimeter(3)Tetrameter(4)Pentameter(5)Hexameter(6)Heptameter(7)Octameter9.3.4Conventionalformsofmeterandsound1.Couplets:Coupletsaretwolinesofverse,usuallyconnectedbyarhyme.2.Quatrains:Stanzasoffourlines,knownasquatrains,areverycommoninEnglishpoetry.3.Blankverse:Blankverseconsistsoflinesiniambicpentameterwhichdonotrhyme.9.3.5Thepoeticfunctionsofsoundandmeter1.Foraestheticpleasure2.Toconformtoaconvention/style/form3.Toexpressorinnovatewithaform4.Todemonstratetechnicalskill,andforintellectualpleasure中华英语学习网官方总站：圣才学习网官方总站：圣才学习网:itsmeaningsareconveyedthroughsoundaswellasthroughprint.Oneshouldreadapoemasslowlyashecan.Lipreadingisagoodhabit.4.Alwayspaycarefulattentiontowhatthepoemissaying.Oneshouldmakeanefforttofollowthethoughtcontinuouslyandtograspthefullimplicationsandsuggestions.5.Asaidstotheunderstandingofapoem,wemayasksomequestionsabout.(1)Whoisthespeakerandwhatkindofpersonishe?(2)Towhomishespeaking?Whatkindofpersonishe?(3)Whatistheoccasion?(4)Whatisthesettingintime(timeofday,season,century)?(5)Whatisthesettinginplace(indoorsorout,cityorcountry,nation)?(6)Whatisthecentralpurposeofthepoem?(7)Statethecentralideaorthemeofthepoeminasentence.(8)Discussthetoneofthepoem.Howisitachieved?(9)Outlinethepoemsoastoshowitsstructureanddevelopment;orsummarizetheeventsofthepoems.(10)Paraphrasethepoem.(11)Discussthedictionofthepoem.Pointoutwordsthatareparticularlywellchosenandexplainwhy.(12)Discusstheimageryofthepoem.Whatkindsofimageryareused?(13)Pointoutexamplesofmetaphor,simile,personification,andmetonymy,etc.,andexplaintheirappropriateness.(14)Pointoutandexplainanysymbols.(15)Pointoutandexplainexamplesofparadox,overstatement,understatementandirony.Whatistheirfunction?(16)Pointandexplainanyallusions.Whatistheirfu