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第第三三章章翻翻译译的的过过程程翻翻译译的的三三步步骤骤1.阅读并分析原文2.将原文转换成译入语3.对译文进行修改•即:理解表达•理解—可以从四个角度对原文进行分析语法结构分析(grammaticalanalysis)语义分析(semanticanalysis)语境分析(analysisofthecontext)语用分析(pragmaticanalysis)•表达—译文需在四个层次上对原文负责文本层次(textuallevel)所指层次(referentiallevel)粘着层次(cohesivelevel)自然层次(levelofnaturalness)。••一一﹑﹑理理解解--阅阅读读并并分分析析原原文文•aattmmiiccrroolleevveell..美国语言教学家WilgaM.Rivers说过理解中要掌握三个层次的意义,即词语意义、语法或结构意义以及社会和文化意义(thethreelevelsofmeaning:lexicalmeaning,structuralorgrammaticalmeaning,andsocial-culturalmeaning)。•1.语法结构阐释原文的意图。a.PoliceShootRiotingBlacksb.RiotingBlacksShotbyPolicec.RiotingBlacksShot•结构形式对意义的表达所起的作用40-LOVERogerMcGough•Middleaged•coupleplaying•ten-nis•whenthe•gameends•andthey•gohome•thenet•willstill•bebe-•tweenthem•2.语义分析(semanticanalysis)•即说明处在一定语境中,按照一定次序排列的词项或句项之间的语义关系,探索词项、句项的意义。“我们所翻译的不是某些言词,而是看不见、听不到的东西,即意义本身。”(WilliamHansofTheTheoryofTranslation)•首先分析词的概念意义(conceptualmeaning)和关联意义(associativemeaning)seatoneselfinawoodenchairacceptauniversitychairchairtheboardmeeting•其次把握意义关系,注意同反义、褒贬义、多歧义关系。如:Georgemadegreatprogressatschool.LetusbegreatfriendsHehasthereputationofbeingablood-sucker.Shehasmadeareputationforherselfthroughhardwork.•再次文化特征、历史演变、社会发展、科技进步对语言影响。如:“GreekandLatinareallEnglishtome.”saidOscarWilde.(ItisGreektome.)小犬将于下月结婚。•第四,了解语言的随意性和约定俗成性。例如:1)milkthecow2)milkthebull3)sleepingbeauty4)sleepingspy5)Yousaidthatitisoutofquestion,butitseemstomethatitisoutofthequestion.•第五,注意词语的搭配关系、逻辑关系和上下文关系。例如:1)Hewrotehis12thnovelattheripeageof85.2)A:“Well,oldboy,”saidthevisitor,“it'snicetoseeyouupandabout.”B:“Up,yes,”thepatientsaid,“butabout,no,atleastnotmuch”.•3.语境分析(analysisofthecontext)语境包含:语言内部的上下文关系;话语与经验世界的关系。•(一)上下文分析(contextualanalysis/linguisticcontext):•首先,一个词与周围词的关系。例如:Todayapoliticianwithoutelbowsisaslostasapoliticianwithoutprinciples.•其次,短语是否是语义整体。•再次,一个句子是否是一个独立的语义单位。例如:Thefaceistheindexofthemind.Farfromeye,farfromheart.•(二)语言与经验世界的关系(non-linguisticcontext)•所谓非语言环境,指话语及其组成部分与文化和自然环境的相互关系。例如:Didhereceiveawarmwelcomefromthefirstladyofthehouse?•首先,话语发生时环境。例如:It'sfreezingcoldhere.•其次,身体语言(bodylanguage)。例如:“Youthinkwecan”—heglancedatthecoupleaheadofthem--“likethem—youandI?”Sheshookherhead.•4.语用分析(pragmaticanalysis)•语用分析即通过对语言的交际意义的综合分析,了解和确定说话人和话语间的关系,常常表现为说话人的感情、态度、情绪、意念等。•(一)讲话者的情感参与(1)请求:Wouldyoumindlendingme10yuan?(2)许诺:Ishallreturnthebooktomorrow.(3)警告:SaythatagainandI'llpartwithyouonceandforall.(4)褒贬:Youarestubborn.Heispig-headed.Iamstrong-willed.•(二)准确表达说话人的意图•1.确认but,even,and,before等词的语用意义。如:•EvenMaxfellintolovewithher.•Andyoutalkedtohimthiswayafterallhe'ddoneforyou.•Itwillbeacoupleofyearsbeforewemeetagain.•2.确认潜台词。如:•“Adown-to-earthmanwouldhavesucceeded.”fatherscoldedme.•atmacrolevel德国译学教授WolframWilss说:•Translatingrequiresthesyntactic,semantic,stylisticandtext-pragmaticcomprehensionbythetranslatoroftheoriginaltexts.(翻译过程要求译者在句法、语义、文体和语篇语用各方面对原文进行理解。)MMaaccrrooccoommpprreehheennssiioonnoofftthheeSSLLTTccoommpprriisseessaaggoooodduunnddeerrssttaannddiinnggooff::•thetexttypeNarrativeDescriptiveExpositiveArgumentative•thebackgroundorsetting•thewritingstyleSomewriterswriteinanelegantorgracefulstyle.Otherswriteinanornatestyle.Stillotherswriteinastraightforwardstyle,andsoonandsoforth.LaoShe’s(老舍)writingsshowacordialandhumorousstyle.WinstonChurchill’sfamousspeechesexhibitavigorousandsprightlystyle.ErnestHemingway’snovelsdemonstrateasimpleandsymbolicstyle.CharlesLamb’sessaysarewritteninhishumorousandinimitablestyle.WilliamHazlitt’sessaysarecharacterizedbyalucidandforcefulprosestyle.•thetopiccategory•thetheme•thewriter’sintentionorpurpose•thecommunicationaddressees•二.表达—将原文转换成译入语如何忠实地表达原文的意思,按照英国翻译理论家纽马克(Newmark)的观点,在表达的过程中,译者必须在四个层次上对原文和译文负责,即:文本层次(textuallevel);所指层次(referentiallevel);粘着层次(cohesivelevel)和自然层次(levelofnaturalness)•1.文本层次(textuallevel)•文本层次指原文的字面意义。译者对原文负责,就是对原文的字面意义负责。例如:1)Youflatterme.原译:你拍我马屁。改译:你过奖了。2)Heislyingonhisback.33))BBeeeerriisstthheettiipppplleeooffcchhooiicceeiinnHHoollllaanndd,,wwhheerreebbeeeerrccoonnssuummppttiioonnffoolllloowwsshhoottoonntthheehheeeellssoofftthhaattiinnGGeerrmmaannyy,,wwhheerreebbeeeerriissaallmmoossttaarreelliiggiioonn,,aannddBBeellggiiuumm,,wwhheerreetthheeyyddrriinnkkiittffoorrbbrreeaakkffaassttaannddffeeeeddiittttoobbaabbiieessaannddssuucckklliinnggss..•2.所指层次(referentiallevel)—所指意义•指译者对原文所指意义的把握。原文中晦涩、隐含的弦外之音,需要译者透过文字的迷雾看清楚真实的内涵。例如:1)HowtoGrowOld(BetrundRussell)怎样变老;怎样才能活得老2)Iamaperfectstrangertophysics.完全是一个陌生人;一窍不通3)Mymotheris86,butshecarriesheryearseasily.很容易背起她的年龄;并不显老4)Ihatetogetpersonal,butyou’remucholderthanByron.变得私人化;过问私事5)Youarelateforthelasttime.最后一次迟到;被解雇6)Itcanbeworse.可能会更糟;还过得去•3.粘着层次—衔接方式•粘着层次指语篇中句子的衔接。语言的衔接方式反映了本族语说者的独特的思维方式。例如:1)要抓住机会,现在就是好机会。我就担心丧失机会。不抓呀,看到的机会就丢掉了,时间一晃就过去了。Wemustgraspopportunities;thepresentoffersanexcellentone.TheonlythingIworryaboutisthatwemayloseopportunities.Ifwedon’tseizethem,theywillslipthroughourfingersastimespeedsby.2)我们国家的经济搞得不错,光景一年比一年好。人民是满意的,全世界是公认的。Ourcountry’seconomicdevelopmentissound,andtheprospectsaregettingbetteryearbyyear.Thepeoplearepleasedaboutthat,andthewholeworldhasrecognizedit.3)Ifyoucannotbiteneversho
本文标题:第三章--翻译的过程
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