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血管成形术第一节血管成形术基本概念一、PTA的定义二、PTA的发展简史三、PTA的治疗机制四、PTA的适应症和禁忌症五、PTA的并发症及其预防六、PTA后再狭窄的机制七、支架成形术第一节血管成形术基本概念ClinicalManifestayionsofVascularPathologyManifestationExampleObstructiontoflowforwardArterialandvenousstenosesIncreasedflowforwardArteriovenousfistula,malformationIncreasedflowbackwardVaricoseveinsduetorefluxthroughincompetentvenousvalvesLossofvesselwallintegrityAneurysm,dissection,bleedingThesecanoccuraloneorinanycombination.第一节血管成形术基本概念Atherosclerosisisanarterialdiseasethatisprevalentinindustrializednations.Veinsdonotdevelopatheroscleroticlesionsunlesstheyareexposedtoarterialpressuresandflowoverextendedperiodsoftime.Theriskfactorsforatherosclerosisincludeenvironmentalandgeneticfactors.Therearemultipletheoriesofcausation,includingintimaltrauma,anautoimmuneresponse,andinfection.Whatevertheunderlyingpathogenesis,thekeypointtorememberisthatatherosclerosisisasystemicdisease,affectingarteriesinallvascularbeds.第一节血管成形术基本概念RiskFactorforAtherosclerosisGeneticpredispositionSmokingDietDiabetesChronicrenalfailureHypertensionHomocysteinuriaAdvancedageHyperlipidemiaObesityElevatedlipoprotein(a)Atheromatousplaque.Eccentricatheroma第一节血管成形术基本概念第一节血管成形术基本概念AngiographicappearanceofconcentricstenosisoftheleftcommoniliacarteryAngiographicappearanceofbulky,eccentricplaqueintheSFA第一节血管成形术基本概念Hypertrophiedcollateralarteriesaroundashortchronicocclusionofthedistalsuperficialfemoralartery(SFA).DSAshowinganabruptcutoffofflowwithafillingdefect(arrow)consistentwiththrombus.Thereisapaucityofcollateralvesselsandlackofreconstitutionofdistalvessels.第一节血管成形术基本概念Intimalhyperplasiaisnotatruediseaseordisorder,butabiologicresponsetoinjurytothevesselwall.CausesofIntimalHyperplasiaCauseExamplesInjurySurgicalanastomosis,clamps,angioplastydenudationofintimabyanydeviceForeignbodyStents,suturematerial,cathetersAbnormalflowArterializationofveins,turbulenceFibromuscularDysplasiaVasculitis(Takayasu'sarteritis)Otherfactorsirregularbeadedappearance(arrow)andlocationoftheabnormalityinthedistalmainrenalarteryDSAarchaortogramshowingocclusionoftheleftCCA(arrow)attheorigin,longstenosisoftherightCCA(arrowhead),andstenosisoftherightsubclavianarteryoriginTakayasu'sarteritis第一节血管成形术基本概念一、PTA的定义经皮经腔血管成形术(PercutaneousTransluminalAngioplasty,PTA):采用导管扩张技术使狭窄或闭塞的血管开通。第一节血管成形术基本概念二、PTA的发展简史1964年,Dotter和Judkins采用同轴同导治疗动脉粥样硬化。开创了介入放射新纪元——同轴导管(CoaxialCatheter)血管成形术Thefirstpercutaneousangioplasty,1964.A,Focalstenosisinthepoplitealartery(arrow).B,Usingprogressivelylargecoaxialcatheters,thelesionwasdilated.Thepatient'srestpainresolvedandtoeulcershealed.C,Coaxialcatheter.cPre-PTAPost-PTA第一节血管成形术基本概念二、PTA的发展简史1、原理:粗大导管通过狭窄血管时产生外向性压力,使血管腔扩大。2、缺点:入路部位血管的损伤大,应用范围小。第一节血管成形术基本概念二、PTA的发展简史1974年,Grüntzig发明了双腔带囊导管—球囊血管成形术(BalloonAngioplasty)。1978年球囊材料进行了改进。PTA-Balloon(percutaneoustransluminalangioplasty)第一节血管成形术基本概念二、PTA的发展简史1978年Grüntzig报导了PTA用于肾性高血压的治疗,同时进行了4例冠脉PTA实验。第一节血管成形术基本概念二、PTA的发展简史1984年Inoue进行了二尖瓣球囊扩张术(PTMA)的临床应用研究。第一节血管成形术基本概念三、PTA的机制——控制损伤性理论1、控制:控制球囊的直径2、损伤:血管壁的机械性损伤,膨胀的球囊使血管的内膜和中膜局限性撕裂,血管壁成分,特别是中膜的过度伸展以及动脉硬化斑块的断裂。Schematicofthemechanismofangioplasty.A,Concentricstenosiswithasmallresiduallumen.B,Anappropriatelysizedangioplastyballoonisinflated(arrows)inthelumen.C,Fracturing,fissuring,andsubintimaldissectionoftheplaquegreatlyincreasethecross-sectionalareaofthelumen.Theprimarymechanismofballoonangioplastyiscontrolledfractureoftheobstructingplaque.Thisresultsinformationoffissuresintheplaqueitselt,andtearingoftheedgesoftheplaqueawayfromtheadjacentnormalintima.Withproperoversizingoftheballoon,themuscularmediaisstretchedaswell.Plaqueisnotremodeled,redistributed,orvaporizedbytheballoon.Distalembolizationofmicroscopicand,occasionally,macroscopicdebrisdoesoccur,butisusuallyasymptomatic.Visualizationofcracksorsmalldissectionsinlesionsfollowingangioplastyisanormalfindingatangiography.Overtimetheseareasmayremodelandthelumenresumeamorenormalappearance.Normalangiographicappearanceofanarteryfollowingangioplasty.A,Diseasedsegmentofsuperficialfemoralartery.B,Afterangioplastywitha5-mmballoon,thereisfissuring(arrows)oftheplaque.Thisisanormalpostangioplastyappearanceandrequiresnofurtherinterventionunlessitisflow-limiting.AB第一节血管成形术基本概念四、PTA适应证(Indications)1、动脉粥样硬化2、大动脉炎3、血管搭桥术(bypass)后的吻合口狭窄4、人造血管狭窄5、血管肌发育不良6、静脉血管狭窄或闭塞第一节血管成形术基本概念五、PTA禁忌证(Contraindication)1.碘过敏(可用CO2造影)。2.严重心律紊乱,心功能不全。3.肝、肾功能不全,或凝血机制异常4.有动脉瘤形成5.大动脉炎活动期。第一节血管成形术基本概念六、术后并发症及预防1、常规血管介入治疗并发症2、远端栓塞3、球囊破裂4、出血5、动脉夹层balloonrupturevesselrupture第一节血管成形术基本概念七、PTA后再狭窄机制1、急性再狭窄2、早期再狭窄3、晚期再狭窄第一节血管成形术基本概念七、PTA后再狭窄机制1、急性再狭窄:PTA后立即或不久产生的血管狭窄或闭塞。原因:①、血管痉挛②、血管壁的弹性回缩③、血管壁剥离,夹层形成第一节血管成形术基本概念七、PTA后再狭窄机制2、早期再狭窄:PTA后1-2个月至1年内发生的再狭窄,是最常见的再狭窄类型;主要原因:①、PTA后血管壁损伤处的内皮细胞的过度增生。②、病变血管壁的弹性回缩。第一节血管成形术基本概念七、PTA后再狭窄机制3、晚期再狭窄:PTA后1年以上发生的再狭窄原因:①、PTA后血管壁损伤处的内皮细胞的过度增生。②、原有病变的加重或发展。第一节血管成形术基本概念七、PTA后再狭窄机制4、再狭窄的预防①、药物:抗凝、抗血小板聚集。②、改进方法:减少血管损伤。③、stent置入。第二节支架成形术基本概念一、支架成形术(StentAngioplasty)血管内支架(EndovascularStent,ES)是预防PTA后再狭窄的重要的手段,已广泛应用于临床,是介入放射学发展史上一个新的里程碑(milestone)。二、stent的含义及来源stent:支撑器,通常指金属支架。“stent”一词来源一位口腔科医生“charlesstent”的名字。为纪念发明的一种支撑皮
本文标题:血管成形术及支架植入术
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