医学英语第二单元翻译

Smallpoxvaccination①smallpoxiscausedbythevariolavirusandismostoftentransmittedbyinhalingthevirus.天花是由天花病毒引起的,通常是通过吸入病毒传播ithasanincubationperiodofbetween7and17days,afterwhichsymptomsbegintoappear.theinitalsymptomsareflu-like.Asignificantfeatureofthediseaseisthedevelopmentofblistersontheupperpartoftheboby,whicheventuallyscaboverandleavescarswhenthescabsfalloff.around30percentofthoseinfectedwithsmallpoxdie,usuallywithintwoweeksofsymptomsappearing.它有7至17天的潜伏期,之后开始出现症状。初是类似流感的症状。疾病的一个重要特征是水泡上的发展身体的一部分,最终愈合留下疤痕有30%的感染者因天花死去,通常在两周内出现症状。②Thefirstattemptstocontrolthediseaseusedatechniqueknowasvariolation.driedscabtissuefromvictimsofsmallpoxwasusedtodeliberatelyinfectyoungpeople.ofthoseinfectedbyvariolation,onepercentdied,farfewerthanthe30percentkilledbyinfectioninthenormalway.despitetherisks,variolationwasstillusedinsomeremotecommunitiesuntilrelativelyrecently.第一个试图控制这种疾病使用天花接种的技术知道。从天花的受害者被用来干痂组织故意感染年轻人。天花接种,百分之一的感染者死亡,远远少于30%被感染的正常方式。尽管有风险,天花接种仍是使用在一些偏远地区,直到最近。③However,itwasthediscoveryofvaccinationbyedwardjennerin1796whichmarkedamajorstepforwardincontrollingthedisease.vaccinationinvolvestheadministrationofapreparationthatallowsthebobytodevelopresistancetoadiseasewithouthavingtobeexposedtoit.byinfectingchildrenwithcowpox,arelativelyminordisease,jennerfoundtheydevelopedimmunitytosmallpox.by1853,infantsintheUKwererequiredbylawtobevaccinatedagainstsmallpox,thoughthevaccinesusedwerenotalwayseffective.然而,它是1796年由爱德华·詹纳接种疫苗的发现标志着一个重大的进步在控制疾病。疫苗接种涉及到政府的准备,允许身体对疾病产生抗药性而不必暴露。儿童感染牛痘,相对较小的疾病,詹纳发现他们开发了天花病毒抗体。到1853年,婴儿在英国法律规定必须接种天花疫苗,虽然使用的疫苗并不总是有效的。④Furtheradvancesweremadeinthe1920swiththedevelopmentofdriedvaccinesinfranceandtheNetherlands.Theseweremoreeffectivebutweredifficulttostoreinhotclimates.AnoutbreakofsmallpoxinNewYorkcityin1947ledtothedevelopmentofafreeze-dryingtechniquewhichmeantthevaccinecouldbestoredformonthswithoutrefrigeration,evenintropicalclimates.进一步发展了在1920年代随着干疫苗的发展在法国和荷兰。这是更有效的,但难以储存在炎热的气候。爆发天花在纽约在1947年导致了冷冻干燥技术的发展这意味着疫苗可以储存几个月没有制冷,甚至在热带气候。⑤In1966,theWHOsetaten-yeargoalfortheeradicationofsmallpoxworldwide.considerableresourcesweredevotedtothedevelopmentofmechanismsforreportingandmonitoringthedisease.improvedtechnologyandbettervaccinesaslohelped.1966年,世界卫生组织设定了一个十年全球根除天花的目标。相当大的资源致力于发展报告和监测疾病的机制。改进的技术和更好的疫苗也帮助。⑥By1980,theWHOcouldformallydeclaresmallpoxeradicatedworldwide.thelastnaturallyoccurringcasewasreportedin1977,insomalia.thelastfatalitywasintheUKin1978,followingtheescapeofthevirusfromaresearchlab.itwasthefirsttimeahumaninfectousdiseasehadbeencompletelyeradicated.Smallpoxwasnolongerakillerofhumanity.到1980年,全世界谁会正式宣布天花根除。最后自然发生的案件是在1977年报道,在索马里。最后的死亡在1978年在英国,逃脱后病毒从一个研究lab.这是第一次人类感染疾病已被彻底根除。天花不再是人类的杀手。⑦smallpoxhasanumberofuniquecharacteristicswhichmadeitseradicationpossiple.itssymptomsdevelopquickly,makingthoseinfectedawareofthediseaseatanearlystageandreducingthepossibilityofthemunknowinglytransmittingthediseasetoothers.becauseitisalmostcompletelyspecifictohumans,thereisaverylowpossibilityofsmallpoxbeingkeptaliveinanimalstoreinfecthumans.theavailabilityofeffectivevaccineswasalsoanecessaryfactor.finally,thehighlevelofmortalityfromthediseasemadeiteasiertoachieveglobalagreementonitseradication.天花有许多独特的特性可以使其根除。其症状发展迅速,使感染者意识到疾病的早期阶段,减少的可能性,他们在不知情的情况下这种疾病传染给别人。因为它是几乎完全特定的人类,有一个非常低的天花在动物存活的可能性使再感染人类。有效的疫苗的可用性也是一个必要的因素。最后,高死亡率的疾病使它更容易实现根除全球协议。⑧althoughsmallpoxhasceasedtokill,itremainsapotentialdangertohumanity.thoughthepossibilityofthevirussurvivinginanimalsisverylow,itisstillapossibility.so,too,istheaccidentalreleaseofmaterialtraditionallyusedforvariolationinremotecommunities.however,themostpressingfearisthatstocksofthevariolavirussetasideforresearchpurposescouldsomedaybeusedasabiologicalwarfareagent.theproposal,in2003,toinoculatehealthcarestaffinsomecountriesagainstsuchapossibilityshowsthatthepotentialofsmallpoxtokillremainsasstrongasever.虽然天花已经停止杀戮,但人类仍是一个潜在的危险。尽管病毒在动物幸存的可能性非常低,这仍然是一个可能性。也用于天花接种的传统材料的意外释放在偏远的社区。然而,最紧迫的担忧是,天花病毒储存的拨出用于研究可能有一天被用作生物战剂。建议,在2003年,接种在一些国家卫生保健人员对这种可能性表明潜在的天花杀死仍会一如既往地。