2013年10月12日托福阅读真题解析

日托福阅读真题解析第一套：阅读1：儿童的游戏行为的几个阶段以及对其社会性、合作力、情绪控制的作用解析：本文属于针对一个现象：儿童的游戏行为，解释其在不同阶段对于孩子的作用。本文的理解重点在于对于孩子的影响，结构梳理也可以不同的影响为基础梳理文章的重点信息。Inpsychologyandethology,playisarangeofvoluntary,intrinsicallymotivatedactivitiesnormallyassociatedwithrecreationalpleasureandenjoyment.Playismostcommonlyassociatedwithchildrenandtheirjuvenile-levelactivities,butplaycanalsobeausefuladultactivity,andoccursamongotherhigher-functioninganimalsaswellManyofthemostprominentresearchersinthefieldofpsychology(includingJeanPiaget,WilliamJames,SigmundFreud,CarlJungandLevVygotsky)haveviewedplayasendemicto(naturallyoccurringin)thehumanspecies.Thesepsychologistsallhadstrongbeliefsonhowimportantplaywasonhumandevelopment.Manyresearchmethodswereperformedtoprovetheirtheories.Playisofteninterpretedasfrivolous;yettheplayercanbeintentlyfocusedonhisorherobjective,particularlywhenplayisstructuredandgoal-oriented,asinagame.(aviewheldbyPiagetianandVygotskiantheoriesofchilddevelopment).Playisespeciallybeneficialtochildren'slearningwhenitreachesacertaindegreeofsophistication.Inotherwords,“unproductive”playhappensnotonlywhenchildrenfightandargueoverwhoisgoingtobethe“mommy”andwhoisgoingtobethe“baby,”butalsowhenthechildwhois“mommy”keepsperformingthesameroutineswithher“baby”dayafterdaywithnochange.Bycontrast,playthathasapotentialforfosteringmanyareasofyoungchildren'sdevelopment,includingsocialandcognitivedevelopment,hasthefollowingcharacteristics:1)Childrencreateapretendscenariobynegotiatingandtalkingtopeersandusepropsinasymbolicway;and2)Childrencreatespecificroles-andrules-forpretendbehaviorandadoptmultiplethemesandmultipleroles.When“playmentors.”Earlychildhoodclassroomsprovideauniquesettingtofosterthekindofdramatic阅读2：某粮食经济从邻里互助到长距离供给城市发展，推动磨坊商业化什么的，但当时对其认同不高，仍以本地为主解析：本文回忆内容较少，从机经判断大致讲了农业发展的作用。但是限于内容有限，无法解析过多内容，请大家参照下文了解农业发展对经济的作用。Agricultureplaysacrucialroleintheeconomyofdevelopingcountries,andprovidesthemainsourceoffood,incomeandemploymenttotheirruralpopulations.AccordingtoFAO2000,ithasbeenestablishedthattheshareoftheagriculturalpopulationinthetotalpopulaceis67percent,thatagricultureaccountsfor39.4percentofthegrossdomesticproduct(GDP)andthat43percentofallexportsconsistofagriculturalgoods.Ithasbecomeincreasinglyevidentinthelastfewyearsthattheconceptionofbotheconomistandpolicy-makersregardingtheroleofagricultureineconomicdevelopmenthasundergoneanimportantevolution.RoughlyonequarteroftheEarth’sterrestrialsurfaceisnowundercultivationwithmorelandconvertedtocropproductioninthe30yearsafter1950thanintheprevious150years.Inmanyregions-includingEurope,NorthAmerica,–humanityhasalsobecomeskillfulatraisingyieldsthroughusinginputslikefertilizersandpesticides.Yetinmanypoorercountrieswithlowproductivityratesandgrowingpopulations,agriculturecontinuestoexpandintomarginalandfragilelands.Inmuchofsub-SaharanAfricaandlargepartsofAsia–accordingtoestimatescompiledbytheMillenniumEcosystemAssessment(MA)–almostnohighlyproductivelandisleft.However,improvemen