美国文学-霍桑介绍Nathaniel-Hawthorne

NathanielHawthorne(1804-1864)（纳撒尼尔·霍桑）ContentsLifeMajorworksThemesWritingstylesLife•Birthplace:Salem,Massachusetts•Familybackground:afamilywithalongPuritantradition;fatherdiedwhenhewasonly4yearsold;motherreliedonrelativesinrearingherfourchildren•Education:readingextensivelybyhismid-teensandaspiredtobeawriter;from1821-1825,hestudiedatBowdoincollegeinMaine.EarlylifeinfluencesonHawthorne•Salem-earlychildhood,laterworkattheCustomHouse.•Puritanfamilybackground-oneofhisforefatherswasJudgeHathorne,whopresidedovertheSalemwitchcrafttrials,1692.•Beliefintheexistenceofthedevil.•Beliefindeterminism宿命论.Puritanism清教主义•PuritanscamefromtheEstablishedChurchofEnglandinthesixteenthandseventeenthcenturies.•TheyweresocalledbecausetheywishedtopurifytheformsandritualsoftheChurch.•ThoughitwaspilgrimsthatfirstcametoNewEngland,yetPuritanismsoonbecamethedominantfaithwithitsrathergloomyoutlookonlife.•ThePuritansheldthatmanlivedtosufferandhemusttoilmightilyforthegloryofGod.•Theirdoctrinewaswidelyknownforitsextremelyrigidandstrictmorality.(originalsins,predestination,limitedatonement)Majorworks•1837-1842:Twice-ToldTales《故事重述》•1846:MossesfromanOldManse《古宅青苔》•1850:TheScarletLetter《红字》•1851:TheHouseoftheSevenGables《带七个尖角阁的房子》•1852:TheBlithedaleRomance《福谷传奇》Featuresofhisworks•Setting：PuritanNewEngland•Themes：Evil&Sin•Idea：Blackvisiontowardhumanbeings•Technique：symbolismBlackVision:•Evilexistsinthehumanheart•Everyonepossessessomeevilsecret•Everyoneseemstocoveruphisinnermostevil•Evilseemstobeman’sbirthmark•Sinwilleventuallygetpunished•Evileducates•Overweeningintellect—sourceofevilThemes1.DarkViewofHumanNature（人性之“恶”）2.MoralityandSin（道德&罪恶）3.HumanIsolation（人之孤独）1.DarkViewofHumanNature（人性之“恶”）◇Humanbeingsareevil-naturedandsinful，andthissinandeviliseverpresentinhumanheartandwillpassonfromonegenerationtoanother.2.MoralityandSin（道德&罪恶）◇Manwillgetpunishedonewayoranotherforhissinbutcanalsobesavedbyhisgood-deedsandself-improvement.◇Onehastoworkandstriveagainsttemptationinordertowinsalvation(拯救).Therecouldbenomagiccarriagewhichwouldenableonetoreachheavenwithouttoilortrouble.3.HumanIsolation（人之孤独）◇Humanbeingsareborntobelonely.Theydefendtheirprideandselfishnessfordifferentreasons.Acharacterisinastateofisolationbecauseofself-cause,orsocietalcause,oracombinationofboth.WritingStyles1.DarkRomanticism2.Symbolism3.Psycho-analysis4.Ambiguity5.Allegory(寓言)6.VisualDescription（视觉描写）1.DarkRomanticism◇Hisworksbelongtodarkromanticism,withcautionarytales(警示性故事)thatsuggestthatguilt,sin,andevilarethemostinherentnaturalqualitiesofhumanity.◇Supernatural2.SymbolismAdultery(shame)Ability(sympathy)Angel(admiration)◇Hawthorneusedvarioussymbolstoimplythemesofadultery,sins,andhumanmorality.•ExampleinTheScarletLetter:3.Psycho-analysis◇Psychologicaltruthwasmoreimportantthanactualtruth.◇Exploredthecomplexityofhumanpsychologythroughthecharacters’innerstruggle4.Ambiguity◇It’sadeliberatepoeticdevice(languagefeature):tosignifytwoormoredistinctreferences,orexpresstwoormorediverseattitudesorfeelingsbyusingasinglewordorexpression.eg.Shedidn'ttakehistip.5.Allegory(寓言)◇Hawthorneoftenachievedallegorybyplacingcharactersinasituationoutsideoftheordinary.eg.YoungGoodmanBrown《小伙子布朗》Thankyou!