Greek-&-Roman-myth

Greek&RomanMythology希腊罗马神话GuoMeng,IMUTWhatisamyth?神话是什么？Atraditionalstoryrootedinprimitivefolkbeliefsofcultures.一种根植于民间信仰与文化的故事。Usesthesupernaturaltointerpretnaturalevents.使用超自然的力量来解释自然现象。Explainstheculture’sviewoftheuniverseandthenatureofhumanity.解释了一种文化对于宇宙和人性的理解。ABriefIntroductiontoAncientGreeceTheClassicalperiod(5thcenturyB.C.),Greecewascomposedofcity-states,thelargestbeingAthens,followedbySpartaandThebes.公元前5世纪古希腊-由城邦构成。主要有：雅典、斯巴达和底比斯。Inthesecondhalfofthe4thcenturyB.C.,theGreeks,ledbyAlexandertheGreat,conqueredmostofthethenknownworldandsoughttoHellenizeit.公元前4世纪-亚历山大大帝统治及希腊化时期。In146BCGreecefelltotheRomans.DuringtheHellenisticperiod,theGreekworldwasreachingasfareastasIndia.公元前146年-被罗马统治时期。ABriefIntroductiontoAncientGreeceHistoryofGreco-RomanMythology希腊罗马神话的发展OralGreekMyths:1600-1200BC;口头神话传说。WrittenGreekMyths:900-700BC;representatives:Homer’sIliadandOdyssey,HomericHymns;c.725BC,Hesiod’sTheogony;荷马的史诗：《伊里亚特》和《奥德修纪》赫西奥德：《神谱》HistoryofGreco-RomanMythology希腊罗马神话的发展ClassicalAge:odes(Pindar,518-438BC),tragedy(Aeschylus,525-456BC;Sophocles,496-406BC),comedy(Aristophanes,445-c.380BC);悲剧作家-埃斯库罗斯；索弗克里斯喜剧作家-阿里斯托芬颂歌–品达Romanwriters:Ovid(43BC-AD17),Metamorphosis;etc.Vergil(70–19BC)，Aeneid维吉尔-《伊尼伊德》奥维德–《变形记》GreekMythsAreEverywhere--theplanetarysystemMercury--水星Venus--金星Earth--地球Mars--火星Saturn--土星Jupiter--木星Uranus--天王星Neptune--海王星Pluto--冥王星TheSignsoftheZodiacandthe12ZodiacalConstellationsAresTaurusGeminiCancerLeoVirgoLibraScorpioSagittariusCapricornAquariusPiscesGreekMythsAreEverywhere--dailylanguage植物:cereal-谷物;narcissus-水仙花;adonis-福寿草;Iamus-紫罗兰;iris-鸢尾花;asphodels-金穗花;laurel-月桂;reeds-芦苇;etc.地名:Aegean;Ionian;Europe;Atlantic;词汇:chaos,panic,echo,fortune,genie,flora,siren,hymen,etc.谚语:theTrojanhorse,Achilles’heel,appleofdiscord,weboflife,betweencupandlip,theGordianknot,etc.GreekMythsAreEverywhere--moderncommerce各种著名品牌：ManymodernbrandsusenamesorimagesofGreekgods/goddesses,suchasOlympus,Nike,Amazon,Ajax,Trident,andsoon;Whatelsecanyouthinkof?LiteratureShakespeare(1564-1616)《仲夏夜之梦》(喜剧)VenusandAdonis(poem)LiteratureShelley(1792-1822)雪莱PrometheusUnboundHymnofApollo《解放了的普罗米休斯》《阿波罗赞歌》Keats英国诗人济慈EndymionOdetoPsycheJamesJoyce爱尔兰作家乔伊斯Ulysses《尤利西斯》O’Neill奥尼尔MourningBecomesElectra《悲悼》LiteratureGeorgeBernardShaw萧伯纳Pygmalion《皮革立马翁》HistoryofGreekMyth-Threephases古希腊神话的三个阶段FirstPhase:ChaosandGaea(theearth)generateeverythingthatexists,includingseas,mountains,godsandmonsters.混沌与盖亚（大地之母）结合诞生万物与天空。Gaea’smatingwithhersonUranus（thesky),whichproduces12Titans.盖亚与她的儿子乌拉诺斯结合，诞下12泰坦巨神。SecondPhaseTheyoungestsonofUranus,Cronus(alsogodofthesky),advisedbyhismother,beatsUranus,seversthelinkbetweenskyandearth,andbecomesthenewkingofthecosmos.克洛诺斯是泰坦巨神，为该亚所生的最小的儿子，他后来推翻了他父亲乌拉诺斯，成为第二个统治全宇宙的天神。Cronuscopulateswithhissister,RheatobringaboutZeus(Jupiter)andsiblings,thefutureofolderOlympians.他与泰坦巨神瑞亚结合，生下三男三女，最小的是宙斯。天后赫拉(Hera)Juno;海神波塞冬(Poseidon)Neptune;冥王哈得斯(Hades)Pluto;农神得墨忒耳(Demeter)Ceres;灶神赫斯提亚(Hestia)Vesta.TheTitans（十二泰坦）Cronus(克罗诺斯):天空之神。Rhea(瑞亚):时光女神，与Cronus结合，是宙斯、波塞冬、哈得斯、赫拉、得墨忒耳和赫斯提亚的母亲Oceanus(俄刻阿诺斯):水之神。Tethys(泰西斯):沧海女神。俄刻阿诺斯之妻。Crius(克瑞斯):生长之神。Iapetus(伊阿佩托斯):灵魂之神。阿忒拉斯、普罗米修斯、厄庇米修斯和墨诺提俄斯之父。Phoebe(福柏):月之女神。月之女神勒托与阿斯特瑞亚之母。Coeus(科俄斯):智力之神。Themis(忒弥斯):秩序和正义女神。宙斯第二位妻子,时序三女神母。Mnemosyne(谟涅摩叙涅):记忆之神。宙斯第五位妻子,九缪斯之母。Hyperion(许配利翁):光之神Thea(忒亚):许配利翁之妻。ThirdPhaseZeusledhissiblingstofightagainsthisfather,andunderthehelpofGaea,hedefeatedthefatherandbecamethenewkingoftheuniverse.宙斯带领兄弟姐妹，在祖母盖亚的帮助下，将其父亲压制大地底层，成为了新的众神之神。ZeuscopulatedwithHeraandgivebirthtoOlympiagods.宙斯与其姐姐赫拉结合，生下战神阿瑞斯(Ares)Mars、火与工匠之神赫淮斯托斯(Hephaestus)和青春女神赫拍(Hebe)。TheGods（十二主神）theGodsAphrodite爱与美之神Zeus天神Artemis月亮女神Hera天后Apollo太阳之神Hephaestus火与工匠之神Hermes神使Ares战神Hestia灶神Hades冥神Poseidon海神Athena智慧女神ThePrincipalGodsCronosandRheawereparentsof–Zeus(Jupiter,Jove)–Poseidon(Neptune)–Hades(Pluto)–Hera(Juno)–Hestia(Vesta)–Demeter(Ceres)OtherOlympiansinclude–Athena(Minerva)–Ares(Mars)–Hebe(Juventas)–Hephaestus(Vulcan)–Apollo(Apollo)–Artemis(Diana)–Hermes(Mercury)–Aphrodite(Venus)–Dionysus(Bacchus)–PersephoneThegodsandgoddessesofMt.OlympusMt.OlympuswasthelargestmountaininGreece.奥林匹斯山是希腊众神的居住地。Godsandgoddesseswereimmortal,theycouldnotdie.众神不朽。NohumanswereallowedontopofMt.Olympus,buttheOlympianswereallowedonEarth.凡人无法涉足奥林匹斯神山。TheWorldaccordingtotheGreeks希腊人眼中的世界Bothgoodandevil，heroesandmonsterscomesfromthegods.善与恶、英雄与魔鬼都来自于神灵。Manyoftheconflictsthatareportrayedinthemythsarebetweenfamilymembers.神的世界与人的世界一样，充满了家庭矛盾。ImageofthegodsresemblestheimageofMan.神的形象与人的形象类似。AppleofdiscordSignifythecore,kernel,orcruxofanargument,orasmallmatterthatcouldleadtoabiggerdispute.由于小事引起的纷争，最终引起更大的争端；纷争之源，祸端。Eris(“Strife”)–主管争端的女神希腊阿耳戈英雄(Argonaut)珀琉斯(Peleus)和爱琴海海神涅柔斯的女儿西蒂斯(Thetis).天后赫拉(Hera)，智慧女神雅典娜(Athena)、爱与美之神阿芙罗狄蒂(Aphrodite)特洛伊的王子帕里斯(Paris)AppleofDiscord-争斗之源；不和之因；祸根这个成语最初为公元2世纪时的古罗马历史学家马克·朱里·尤斯丁(MarcusJuninusJustinus)所使用，后来广泛的流传到欧洲许多语言中去，成为了一个国际性成语。eg:Thedisputeaboutinheritingestateformedanappleofdiscordbetweenthem.遗产继承的问题给他们之间埋下了不和的种子。Thisproblemseemstobeanappleofdiscordbetwe