1-名词代词形容词副词

名词、代词、形容词、副词第一讲I.名词I.名词名词—表示人、事物、抽象概念的词。名词↙↘普通名词专有名词↙↘可数名词不可数名词↙↘↙↘个体名词集体名词物质名词抽象名词Nouns(名词)类别例词专有名词（特定的个人、地方、机构名称）China,Washington,thePacificOcean普通名词(一类人、事物或某种物质或抽象概念的名称）个体名词（可数,有单复数）table,book,pencil集体名词（可数，有单复数）family,staff,committee抽象名词（不可数，无单复数）information,work,happiness物质名词（不可数,无单复数）tea,steel,cotton一.考点：可数和不可数名词，名词复数形式，名词所有格,名词在句中作用二.重要考点:1.常用的不可数名词:advicebaggagecashclothingdamageequipmentfurniturehomeworkimportanceinformationjewelryknowledgelanguageleisureluggagemachinerymailmoneymusicnewspeacerainrecognitionresearchscenerysoapsnowtrafficviolencewaterwindworkNouns(名词)注：.在汉语中属于可数范畴，但在英语中位不可数名词的某些词物质名词、抽象名词自然现象等名词均属不可数词。不能加不定冠词a/an，词尾也不能加-s。例句：Hisadvicetomewastoworkhard.他给我的忠告是努力工作。Iaskmyteacherforadviceonmyfuturecourse.我请老师对我的未来发展方向给些建议。Theyboughtsomenewfurniturelastweek.他们上周买了几件新家具。注：抽象名词前有一个形容词或者后有一个-of时，可加不定冠词a/an例如：education，knowledge是抽象名词，为不可数名词，不可以加a/an，但：Herparentsgavehimagoodeducation.Agoodknowledgeofchemistryisuseful.注：汉语中属于可数范畴，但在英语中位不可数名词的某些词advicebaggage（luggage）breadchocolateclothingdamageequipmentfoodfurniturehairhomeworkhouseworkinformationknowledgepaperprogresspopulationrice可数名词复数复数形式例词大部分名词+stables,holidays,schools以s,sh,ch,x结尾+esboxes,brushes,classes以o结尾1)+s2)+espianos,photos,radiostomatoes,potatoes,heroes以f或fe结尾变f/fe为v,+esknives,leaves,lives（但chief首领，cliff悬崖，belief信念等只加-s）以辅音字母+y结尾变y为i,+esfamilies,cities,lives部分名词1.不规则2.单复数形式相同mice,feet,data,menfish,sheep,aircraft少数名词只有复数形式clothes,scissors,trousers，policesfish.Howmanykindsof________arethereinthispool?A.fishB.fishesC.fishsD.fishingFish:1.Fish有2种复数形式：fish和fishesFish—当我们把“鱼”看成一个集体或者看成猎物时，多用fish形式。Fishes—规则的复数fishes用来表示不同的个体或者种类。2.Fish作为食物的“鱼”或者商品的“鱼”，是不可数的，只与单数动词连用。区别：Thereissomefishleftontheplate.Therearesomefishswimmingintheriver.Fishischeap.2.不可数名词常用的单数形式：一个可数名词+of+不可数名词→anarticleofclothing→apieceofinformation3.不可数名词常用的复数形式：一个可数名词的复数形式+of+不可数名词→fourarticlesofclothing→twopiecesofinformation→fourpiecesoffurniture5.可数名词和不可数名词表示数量的方法的不同，注意以下区别：可数名词不可数名词可数名词不可数名词a/an,one,two…anotherfewafewfewera/thenumberofmanyseveral——littlealittlelessamountofmuch—alotofsomeanynoeacheveryallotheralotofsomeanyno——allother名词的属格类别用法举例“-s”属格1.多用于有生命的东西;2.表示时间、量度等Mr.Wang’sfamily,hisfather’sname;today’sassignment,tenkilograms’weight“名词+of”属格多用于无生命的东西thewindowoftheroom,thehandleofthepot有些固定搭配中常用-s所有格abird’seyeview鸟瞰ahair’sbreadth一发之差toone’sheart’scontent尽情地名词的作用作用例句主语Theevolutionreflectstheever-increasingpacesofmodernlife.表语WeareChinese.宾语Westernershaveatendencytocalltheothersdirectlytheirnames.宾语补足语Wecallhim“ProfessorWang”ratherthan“Wang”.定语Chinesedon’tdothatexceptintheSpringFestival.同位语WeChineseabidebythepoliteprincipleingreetingpeople.II.代词Pronouns(代词)人称代词我你他她它我们你们他们主格Iyouhesheitweyouthey宾格meyouhimheritusyouthem物主代词我的你的他的她的它的我们的你们的他/她/它们的形容词性（作定语）myyourhisheritsouryourtheir名词性（作主语、表语、宾语等）mineyourshishersitsoursyourstheirs反身代词我自己你自己他自己她自己它自己我们自己你们自己他/她/它们自己myselfyourselfhimselfherselfitselfourselvesyourselvesthemselves疑问代词类别作用例句who作主语Whowillcometohelpus?whom作宾语Whomwouldyouliketogowith?which作主语、宾语等Whichdoyouwant,AorB?what作主语、宾语、定语等Whatbookareyoureadingnow?Whatdoyouwanttodo?whose作主语、定语、宾语等Whosebookisthis?Whosedoyoulikebest?不定代词类别作用例句some(something,somebody)用于肯定句Iwanttohavesomehotwater.Somebodyiswaitingforyouatthegate.any(anything,anybody)用于疑问句和否定句Doyouhaveanyothernamebesidesthis?no相当于notanyThereisnofirewithoutsomesmoke.each强调个体（各自情况）Eachstudenthashisorherownpersonality.every强调共性（整体情况）Everystudentisrequiredtofollowthisregulation.Everyone和everyone用法everyone既可以指人也可以指物，可跟of短语。everyone与everybody同义，只能指人，不可以跟-of短语。例：Everyoneofushastoattendthemeeting.Everyoneover18hasavote.不定代词one指代上文中单数可数名词ThebookIamreadingnowismoreinterestingthantheoneIboughtlastweek.that指代上文中不可数名词TheweatherinHainanIslandishotterthanthatinHarbin.both肯定二者Botharewellwritten.neither否定二者Neitherofthetwobooksisworthreading.all肯定全部Allarecreatedequal.none否定全部Noneofthestudentsis/arefromtheUS.Noneofthetimeisspentonit.Allthesebooksareboring.Ilikenone.不定代词another修饰单数名词I’llfindanothermantohelpme.other修饰复数可数名词Somebirdsflytothesouth,andotherbirdsstayhere.few(否定概念)afew(肯定概念)修饰可数名词TherearefewerrorsinMary’sreport.Thereareafewnewwordsinthistext.little(否定概念)alittle(肯定概念)修饰不可数名词Hedoeslittleallday.Heremainsidle.Ihavealittlemoneywithmenow.*.*Iamveryangrybecausetheyoftenlaughat________.A.MaryandIB.MaryandmeC.IandMaryD.meandMary*.*Hiswordsare________,butthemeaningisdeep.A.fewB.afewC.littleD.alittle*.*Thewaterontheupperreachoftheriveriscleanerthan________onthelowerreach.A.oneB.theoneC.thatD.those形容词和副词(AdjectivesandAdverbs)(一)一般用法：词类作用例词句法功能形容词修饰名词或代词，说明事物或人的性质或特征red,beautiful,difficult,strong,happy,hard在句中作定语、表语和补语，甚至可作状语副词用来修饰动词，形容词，副词或其他结构often,here,quickly,very,now,firmly多作状语，也可作定语、表语，甚至有时也可作宾补注意：far的比较级、最高级有两种，两种都可以表示“距离上的远近”，而要表示“程度上的深远”，就要用further,furthest；old的比较级、最高级也有两种，elder,eldest指的是“人的长幼排行”，一般只用作定语；而older,oldest既可指“人的年龄大小”，又可指“物的古旧”，一般既可作定语又可作表语。不规则变化形容词原级副词原级比较级最高级good,well(健康)wellbetterbestbad，illbadlyworseworstmany,muchmuchmoremostlittlelittlelessleastfarfarfarther,furtherfarthest,furthestol