Unit-4-Cultural-Diversity

Unit4Culture&CommunicationHowcanculturebeacquiredinone’slife?1.WhatdoyouseeintheMoon?2.What’sthecoloroftheSun?3.Doyouknowthemeaningsofflower?4.Howdoyouentertainaguest?(video)CulturalandPerceptionHowdoyoufeelatthethoughtofeatingthemeatofcow,fish,dog,orsnake?Howdowetreattheagingparents?Thesearealldependsonwhatourculturetellus.Wethinksobecauseotherpeopleallthinkso;orbecauseafterall,wedothinkso,orbecauseweweretoldso,andwemustthinkso;becauseoncewethoughtso,andthinkwestillthinkso;orbecause,havingthoughtso,wethinkwewillthinkso.TheBasicofCulturalValuesDefinitionofValue“One’sPrinciplesorstandards,one’sjudgmentofwhatisvaluableorimportantinlife.”(conciseOxfordDictionary)“Abroadtendencytoprefercertainstatesofaffairsoverothers”(Hofstede)(matterofpreference)“aconception,explicitorimplicit,distinctiveofanindividualorcharacteristicofagroup,ofthedesirablewhichinfluencestheselectionfromavailablemodes.Means,andendsofaction.”(Kluckhohn)(Cannotbetouchedorseen)“representswhatisexpectedorhopedfor,requiredorforbidden.Itisnotareportofactualconductbutisasystemofcriteriabywhichconductisjudgedandsanctionsapplied.”(Albert)ValuesAnenduringbeliefthataspecificmodeofconductorend-stateofexistenceispersonallyorsociallypreferabletoanother.Valuesare“alearnedorganizationofrulesformakingchoicesandforresolvingconflicts.”(Rokeach)valuesPrimary:Theyspecifywhatisworththesacrificeofhumanlife.Secondary:reliefofpainandsufferingofothersissecondaryvalue.ThesecuringofmaterialpossessionsisalsoasecondaryvalueformostAmericans.Tertiary:hospitalitytoguestandcleanliness(contradiction:thereisoftenagulfbetweenthevaluesthatarearticulatedandvaluesthatareactedout.)PrioritiesofCulturalvaluesUniversalvaluesCultural-specificvaluesPeculiarexpressionordeviationofIndividualswithinculturessValuesformthecoreofCultureSymbolsHeroesRitualsvaluesDiscussionWhatarethemainvaluesinyourculture?Whatdoyouvaluemost?Humantohumanrelationship?Human-naturerelationship?Work-leisurefamilyBeliefsBeliefsystemsaresignificanttothestudyofinterculturalcommunicationbecausetheyareatthecoreofourthoughtsandactions.DominantAmericanCulturalPatternsAskstudentstolistsomepatterns.Individualism:“eachindividualisunique,special,completelydifferentfromallotherindividuals,itisthebasicunitofnature.”(CaseofEnglishteachers’kid)Equality:Thevalueofequalityisprevalentinbothprimaryandsecondarysocialrelationships.(caseofthePresidentattendingUCBerkeley’sceremonyofawardingthebestteachingachievements)(lesshierarchy,co-worker)DominantAmericanCulturalPatternsMaterialism:(FormostAmericans,materialismhasalwaysbeenanintegralpartoflife.Tobemateriallywelloffandphysicallycomfortable,andweoftenjudgepeoplebytheirmaterialpossessions)ScienceandTechnology(Moderncivilizationdependsonscience.Precise,accurate,sacrificeforpursuitoftruth;whileChineseemphasizemoreonliteratureandletters.)DominantAmericanCulturalPatternsWorkandLeisure:Working(doingsomething)isimportant.Workisadesiredanddesirableexpenditureofenergy,ameansofcontrollingandexpressingstrongaffectivestates,andanavenuetorecognition,moneyorpower.Competition:competitivenatureisencouraged(asmalldiscussion)Hofstede’sValueDimensionsIndividualismvs.CollectivismPowerDistanceUncertaintyMasculinityMs.FemininityHofstede’sValueDimensionHofstedehasidentified4valuedimensionsthathavesignificantimpactonbehaviorinallculture.(datacollectionsurvey,managersforIBM)1)individualism-collectivismIndividualisticculturearethoseemphasizesindividualachievementsandrights;includingtheindividual’srighttomakedecisionforhimselforherself.(directcommunication,privacy,privateproperty)Collectivisticcultureemphasizesthegroup’sachievementsandrights,includingthegroup’srighttomakedecisionsfortheindividual..(relatives,clans,organization,unit)Collectivismemphasizeson:A)theviews,needsandgoalsofthein-groupratherthanoneself.B)Socialnormsanddutydefinedbythein-groupratherthanbehaviororgetpleasure.C)Beliefsharedwiththein-groupratherthanbeliefsthatdistinguishselffromin-group.D)Greatreadinesstocooperatewithin-groupmembers.(indirectcommunication,savingface,concernforothersandgroupcooperation)(Ed’scase)70%oftheworldpopulationlivesincollectivecultures.(Triandisestimatedin1990)ValueDimensions2)UncertaintyAvoidanceHigh-uncertainty-avoidanceculturestrytoavoiduncertaintyandambiguitybyprovidingstabilityfortheirmembers,establishingmoreformalrules,nottoleratingtheattainmentofexpertise.Thereisastrongneedforwrittenrules,planning,regulations,rituals,andceremonies,whichaddstructuretolife.ValueDimensionPowerDistanceHigh-power-DistancePeoplebelievethatpowerandauthorityarefactsoflife.Bothconsciouslyandunconsciously,thesecultureteachtheirmembersthatpeoplearenotequalinthisworldandeverybodyhasarightfulplace,whichisclearlymarkedbycountlessverticalarrangements.Low-Power-DistancePeoplebelievethatinequalityinsocietyshouldbeminimized.4ValueDimensionsMasculinityandFemininityMale(assertive,dominant)Female(caring,nurturing)(Peoplesympathizewiththeunfortunate)Communication:mendomostofthet