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1名词用法归纳March16,2008一.名词的分类:名词分为专有名词和普通名词。专有名词:人名,地名,机构等名称。如:Tom,Shanghai,BeijingUniversity普通名词:某类人或东西中的个体。如:boy,dog,country集体名词:若干个体组成的集合体。如:family,team,police物质名词:无法分为个体的实物。如:air,water,food抽象名词:动作,状态,感情等抽象概念。如:progress,health,fun(注意:普通名词和集体名词可数。物质名词和抽象名词不可数。)二.名词的数:可数名词都有单数和复数之分。1.规则的可数名词的复数变化规则1)一般情况加s。如:books,mouths,houses2)以s,sh,ch,x结尾的加es。如:classes,boxes,matches(但stomachs)3)辅音字母+y结尾的变y为ies。如:cities,countries,parties4)以o结尾的词多数+es。如:heroes,tomatoes,potatoes,zeroes/zeros以o结尾并且词尾有两个元音字母+s。如:radios,zoos,bamboos(但pianos,kilos,photos)5)以f,fe结尾的多数+es。如:leaves,lives,wolvesThethief’swifekilledthreewolveswithsomeleavesandknivesinhalfofherlife.但:也有一些+s。如:roofs,proofs,gulfs,beliefs(handkerchiefs/handkerchieves)6)特殊变化的名词。foot---feettooth---teeth2goose---geeseox---oxenchild---childrenmouse---miceman/woman---men/women2.名词词尾的读音规则1)在[p][t][k][f]等清辅音后读[s]。如:cups,cakes,roofs2)在[s][z][∫][t∫]等音后读[iz]。如:glasses,faces,roses3)在其他情况下读作[z]。如:beds,days,knives4)以th结尾的词原来读清辅音,加词尾后多数读浊辅音。如:mouth—mouths,path—paths但也有不变化的,如:month—months,ninth—ninths,youth—youths(但houses)3.不规则的可数名词的变化规则1)man—men,woman—women,tooth—teeth,foot—feet,child—children,mouse—mice,goose---geese,ox---oxen2)单复数相同:sheep,fish,deer,means,Chinese,Japanese,works,fish等。如表示不同种类的鱼时复数是fishes。如:Therearemanykindsoffishesinthatlake.3)以man,woman修饰名词构成合成词时,两个词都变化。manservant—menservants.(但boy/girlstudents)womandoctor—womendoctors.4.复合名词的复数形式son-in-law—sons-in-law,looker-on—lookers-on主体名词变化。film-goer—film-goers,grown-up—grown-ups没有主体名词,词尾加复数。5.字母,阿拉伯数字的复数形式一般加’s或sTherearetwol’sintheword“all”.Your7’sand9’slookalike.3Ithappenedinthe1960’s/1960s.Iwillnotacceptyourif’sandbut’s.6.物质名词一般没有复数,有时用复数形式表示不同种类。wheats,foods,fruits,vegetables有时表示比原文更广的词义:wood—woods,water—waters,sand—sands,manner—manners7.抽象名词一般不可数;但是如果表示某一具体的情况,或各种各样的也有可数名词的用法。Hejumpedwithjoy.Mychildrenareagreatjoytome.8.定冠词加姓氏的复数表示一家人。theTurners,theSmiths,theWangs9.集体名词people,police,cattle总是作复数。(people作民族、种族时,有单复数两种形式)Manycattlearekeptonthefarm.Severalpolicewereonduty.TheChineseareabraveandhard-workingpeople.TheEnglishareafunnypeople.10.集体名词class,public,family,population,team,crew,committee等单复数都有,但意义不同。Theclassisbig.TheclassaretakingnotesinEnglish.(前者看作整体,后者强调每一个人。)ThepopulationinChinaislarger.80%ofthepopulationinChinaarepeasants.(同上)11.hair,fruit通常作单数,表示总体。Hishairisgrey.4Theyhavearichharvestoffruitalmosteveryyear.如果表示若干根头发,表示种类的水果时,可以加复数词尾。Hehadafewwhitehairs.他有几根白发。Arefruitsonsaleinthisseason?这个季节有水果销售吗?12.以s结尾的学科名词只作单数。mathematics,physics,politics,等。13.glasses,trousers,scissors,shoes,spectacles,等常用复数;但如果这些词前用apairof…/thispairof…/thatpairof…等修饰时谓语动词由pair来决定。Wherearemyglasses?Mynewpairoftrousersistoolong.Herearesomenewpairsofshoes.14.不可数名词没有复数形式,常考的不可数名词有:progress,advice,fun,practice,news,information,knowledge,weather,equipment,furniture,clothing,jewellery,luggage,baggage,food,bread,nature,space…如果表示“一个”的概念,可用单位词。apieceofnews/information/advice/bread/cake/paper/meat/coal/equipment/furnitureabottleofink,agrainofrice,acakeofsoap抽象名词具体化可加不定冠词,如:apleasure,asurprise,ahelp,asuccess,afailure,ashock,apity,ashame,ajoy,asorrow,adifficulty,atrouble15.名词作定语1)表示用途:acoffeecup咖啡杯atobaccocompany烟草公司avegetablegarden52)表示材料:astonebridge石桥papermoney纸币adiamondnecklace钻石项链3)表示时间或地点:winterholiday寒假morningpaper晨报citypeople市民4)表示类别:ashoeshop,streetlights,seatbelts,atelephonenumber,waterpollution水污染,bodytemperature体温,weightproblem体温5)表示身份:awomandoctor,aboystudent注意:名词作定语常用单数:shoeshop,collegestudents,basketballmatch但man/woman随后边名词变化:awomandoctor,twowomendoctorsamandoctor,twomendoctors6)有些只用复数做定语asportsmeeting,agoodstrainasalesmanager,acustomsofficer三.名词的所有格:1.有生命的名词所有格的构成1)一般在词尾加’s:theteacher’soffice,today’snewspaper2)以s结尾的复数名词只加’:workers’resthomes工人疗养所themasses’request群众的请求3)不以s结尾的复数名词加’s:children’stoys4)复合名词只在最后一个词的后面加’s:mysister-in-law’sbrother5)表示共同所有的几个名词,只在最后一个词的后面加’s:ThisisTom,BobandDick’sroom.66)表示各个所有关系的几个名词,在每个名词后分别加’satMr.Green’s,atmyuncle’s,atthetailor’sJenny’s,Jean’sandMary’sroomsfacetothesouth.7)名词短语只在最后一个词后加’saquarterofanhour’stalk,atenminutes’drive,afourdays’holiday2.名词所有格的用法:1)名词所有格主要用于表示有生命的名词,表示所属关系。LeiFeng’sdairytheWorkingPeople’sPalaceofCulture劳动人民文化宫2)也可用于表示时间的名词。today’spaper,anhour’sdrive,Friday’swork3)也可用于表示地理、国家、城市等名词。thecountry’splan,thefarm’sfruit,China’spopulation4)也可用于表示由人组成的集体名词。ourparty’sstand我党的立场5)也可用于表示度量、价值的名词。twodollars’worthofbooks,apound’sweight3.凡不能用’s属格的情况,可用of属格表示所属关系。theCityofNewYork,amapofChina特别是下列情况要用of属格:1)当名词有较长的定语时,如:thenameofthegirlstandingatthegateHaveyoureadthearticlesofthestudentswhowerewithusyesterday?2)所修饰的名词前有数量词时,如:aplayofComradeLi’s,somefriendsofmybrother’s3)所修饰的名词前有一个指示代词时,如:7thatperformanceoftheteachers’4.双重所有格:当of前面的名词有不定冠词、指示代词、疑问代词、不定代词或数词,如a,an,this,that,these,those,two,three,four,any,some,several,no,few,another等修饰时,用双重所有格,双重所有格只用于表示人的名词并且都是特指的。apoemofLuXun’safriendof/mine/his/herssomefriendsofmybrothers’WhichnovelofDicken’sareyoureading?5.几种特殊情况:thekeytothedoorkeystotheexercises练习的答案notestothetext课文注释answerstothequestionticketsforthefilm//movieacheckfor$1500.1500美元的支票anyoneelse’sbookthe
本文标题:名词用法归纳
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