国际商法案例及部分知识点

卹国际商法案例及部分知识点ContractLawfortheInternationalSaleofGoodsCase1OnJuly27th,1986,Acompanyofourcountry,attherequestofBcompanyoftheNetherlands,offeredtosell100tonsricewiththeprice3900yuanperton,onCIFterms,Rotterdam.Afterreceivingtheoffer,Bcompanyrequestedustoreducetheprice,increasethequantityandlengthenthetimeofthevalidityoftheofferagainandagain.Acompanythenagreedtoincreasethequantityto300tons,reducedthepriceto3800yuanandlengthenedthetimeofvalidityoftheoffertoAugust30th.BcompanyagreedthroughthetelegramonAugust26th.Butatthattime,wefoundthatthericepricehadrisenviolentlyintheworldmarket,sowerefusedtofulfillthecontractandrepliedtoBcompanythatwehadsoldthegoodsbeforereceivingtheacceptance.DefinitionofcontractIncommonlawcountries,contractmeansapromiseorsetofpromises,forbreachofwhichthelawgivesaremedy,ortheperformanceofwhichthelawinsomewayrecognizesasaduty.Incivillawcountries,contractisamutualassentwithwhichonepersonormoreisobligatedtogiveathing,todoornottodoathingtoonepersonormorepersons.FormofcontractFormincontractlawmeanswhetheracontractismadeinwritingororally.Discussion:Canwemakethecontractorally?Canwemakethesalesofcontractorally?UnderUCC,Americanlawrequiresthatcontractsforsaleofgoodsor$500orthatmoremustinwriting.Today,however,manyexceptionstothisUCCrulemakemostoralsalescontractquiteenforceable.UndertheCISG,contractsforthesaleofgoodsneednotbeinwriting.Article11states:“Acontractofsaleneednotbeconcludedinorevidencedbywritingandisnotsubjecttoanyotherrequirementsastoform.Itmaybeprovedbyanymeans,includingwitnesses.Discussthefollowingcasesanddecidewhetherthereisanoffer.a.Aadvertisedthattheywouldbepreparedtopay$100toanyonecatchinginfluenzaafterusingtheirremedy,addingthattheyhaddeposited$1,000withabanktoshowthegenuinenessoftheiroffer.Bboughtandusedtheremedy,andcaughtinfluenza.ButArefusedtopay$100totheplaintiff.b.Aadvertisedtheholdingofanauctionsale.Bsuedtorecovertheexpenseshehadincurredinattendingattheadvertisedplaceandtime,onlytofindthatthesalehadbeencancelled.Lapse(失效)ofanoffera.Theofferiswithdrawnbytheofferor.b.Theofferisrevoked.c.Thenoticeofrejectionreachestheofferor;d.Theoffereefailstomakeanacceptanceatthetimewhenthetimelimitforacceptanceexpires;e.Theoffereesubstantiallyaltersthecontentsoftheoffer.AnalyzethefollowingcaseOn1October,A(inCardiff)postedanoffertoB(inNewYork)whoreceivedtheofferon11October,andimmediatelyacceptedbycable.On8October,Apostedaletterofrevocation,whichreachedBonlyon20October.Wasthecontractformed?DavidofferedtotradehiscameratoMaryinexchangeforhervideorecorder.Peter,whohadarecorderofthesamemakeandmodel,overheardtheofferandsaidhewouldmakethesameswap.DidacontractresultfromPeter’sacceptance?ChanagreedtosellgoodstoLeebyadocumentwhichstated:“ThisoffertobeleftoveruntilFriday,10a.m.Acceptanceshouldbebypost”.OnThursdayChancontractedtosellthegoodstoWong.ChanthenwrotealettertoLeerevokingtheoffer.TheletterofrevocationreachedLeeonSaturday,11a.m.OnFriday9a.m.LeepostedaletterofacceptancewhichreachedChanonSaturday4p.m.AdviseLeeaccordingtoHongkonglaw.AofferedtosellafarmtoBfor$1,000.Brefusedandintendedtobuyitat$950,whichArefused.Bthenwrotepurportingtoaccepttheoriginalofferof$1,000.ButArefused.Wasthecontractformed?CaseanalysisBob,whowaslivinginBoston,boughtrealestatebymailthroughTom,arealestateagentinNewYork.TomsentBobseveralpicturesofthehouseandageneraldescriptionofthehouseanditsneighborhood.Includedinthedescriptionwasthestatementthatthehousewas“withineasywalkingdistanceofschool,churches,andshoppingcenters”.Aftermovingin,Bobdiscoversthattheclosestschoolisfourmilesaway.Isthismisrepresentationsufficientlymaterialtojustifyrescission?Decision:TheanswerdependsonwhoBobis.IFBobisaretire,childlesswidower,themisrepresentationcouldbejudgedtobeimmaterial.Ontheotherhand,ifBobhasachildinschool,thenearnessofschoolscouldwellbeconsideredmaterial.ValidityofContractJackagreestosellGiantagoosefor$20.Bothpartiesthinkthegooseisaregulargoose,whichGiantwantsforbreeding.Beforethegooseistransferred,thegoosebeginslayinggoldeneggs,whichmakesherpriceless.JackrefusestoupholdtheagreementandGiantsuestoenforcethecontract.Jackisbuildinghimselfamonumentandneedsarock-cuttingmachine.HeseesGiant'sadintheBargainTraderNewspaperforarock-cuttingmachinefor$10,000,JackgoestoGiant'shouseandinspectsthemachine,GiantaccuratelyanswersallquestionsJackasks.JackoffersGiant$10,000forthemachine.Beforethetransactiontakesplace,Jackfindsouttherockcutterwillnotbethetypesuitableforcuttinghismarble.Caseanalysis1Cometals公司从一家英国商品贸易公司Tarbert贸易公司购买肯里亚红豆。一家南非公司Agrimen作为Tarbert的贸易代表进行有关事项的协商。红豆被储藏在Amsterdam的一间仓库里。Cometals购买这批红豆后准备再出售给Columbia的一购买者。按照Columbia的规定，只有当卖方能提供原产地证明（由商会签署）表明这批红豆来自欧洲共同体的成员国，这批货才能进口。Cometals要求Tarbert提供类似的证件并得到同意，但他们双方都明白这份证件不可能通过合法途径得到，因为肯里亚红豆原产于非洲。之后，被告因货物的劣质而拒收这批货物，因此原告上诉。被告还声称这份合同是无效的和不应执行的，因为原告不可能提供这批红豆的欧共体原产地证明文件，除非是伪造。Caseanalysis21989年7月17日，中国某进出口公司A出售一批农产品C514。向美国某公司B发出实盘如下：“报C514，300吨，即期装船。不可撤消即期信用证付款，每吨CIF纽约US$900，7月25日前电复有效。”美国公司B于7月22日复电如下：“你方7月17日发盘。我方接受C514，300吨，即期装船。不可撤消即期信用证付款，每吨CIF纽约US$900，除通常的装运单据以外，要求提供产地证、植物检疫证明书，适合海洋运输的良好包装”。过了几日，受盘人B未见发盘人