Lesson4 美国黑人民权运动

LessonFourEverydayUseforyourgrandmamaThebackgroundinformationofthenovel--TheblackpowermovementAfrican-AmericanCivilRightsMovementIntroduction•1950sand1960s:yearsofstruggleforblacks•1863:yearslaveryabolished•Segregationinthe1950s——theseparateandunequaltreatmentofblacksbywhite——wasstillthecustominthenorthernpartoftheUnitedStates.•Inthesouthernstatesitwasthelaw.Whatiscivilrightsmovement•Thecivilrightsmovementwasaworldwidepoliticalmovementforequalitybeforethelawoccurringbetweenapproximately1950sand1980s.•Mainbattlefields:•NorthernIrelandAfricaCanada•UnitedStatesGermanFranceEventintroduction1955—1968，ThesecondworldwarinAmericanblacksopposeracialsegregationanddiscrimination，partofthecivilrightsmovement.Inthe1950‘srise,untilthe1970s.Butthroughnon-violentprotests,striveforAfricanAmericanpeople'srightofmassstruggle.EventbackgroundIn1955,Montgomery,Alabamablackforagainstbussegregationon,insisttoboycottthebusmovementofforoneyear,theSupremeCourtruledsegregationofthebuswasunconstitutional.In1957,southernChristianleadersmeetingcomposition,asthecivil-rightsmovement'smostinfluentialorganizations,tocoordinateallabouttheorganization'saction,MartinLutherKingforchairman.EventbackgroundIn1960,southernstatesgenerallycarryoutinpublicinthesit-in,showmovementscopehasbeenmoreacitylimitations,activeimpactapartheidsystem.1961and1962,civilrightsmovementwasagainstthekeyrespectivelyonthecoachofapartheidsystemandstriveforthesouthernblacksvotingrights.In1963movementreacheditspeak.InApril,themostserioussegregationofBirmingham,Alabama,blackprotestseruptedstruggle,forcingauthoritiestoacceptblacksdemanded.1965throughthevotingrightsact,formallegislationtoformintheusafterblackpeopleweresuffragerestrictionsintermsofthepublicfacilitiesandvariousaspectsofracialdiscriminationandsegregation.SupposeyouwereablackcitizeninMontgomery,Alabama,in1954Examplesofsegregation•Blackpeoplewereonlyallowedtositinthebackofthebus,andhadtogiveuptheirseatsandridestandingifthefrontofthebuswasfullandmorewhitepassengersgoton.OnThursday,December1,1995,Mrs.RosaParkwasarrestedforrefusingtogiveupherseattoawhitemanonabus.MartinLutherKing•…Ihaveadreamthatmyfourlittlechildrenwillonedayliveinanationwheretheywillnotbejudgedbythecoloroftheirskinbutbythecontentoftheircharacter.Ihaveadreamtoday…MartinLutherKing•WhenheheardaboutRosaPark’sarrest,hedecidedtoprotestit.•Theboycottsucceededbecause70%ofthebuscompany’scustomerswereblack.•DrKing’smessage:tomeetviolencewithnonviolence,tomeethatewithlove.Resultoftheboycott•In1965:TheUnitedStatesSupremeCourtruledthatitwasillegaltosegregateblacksandwhitesonbuses,trains,orplanes.•UseofnonviolentprotestbecamepopularthroughouttheSouth.DrKingledmanypeacefulmarchesagainstsegregationinrestaurants,movietheatres,andotherpublicplaces.Bigeventsandimportantfigures•1957--ArkansasGov.usesNationalGuardtoblocknineblackstudentsfromattendingaLittleRockHighSchool;followingacourtorder,PresidentEisenhowersendsinFederalTroopstoensurecompliance.•1962--PresidentKennedysendsfederaltroopstotheUniversityofMississippitoensureJamesMeredith,theschool'sfirstblackstudent,canattend.•1964--Dr.MartinLutherKingJr.deliversIHaveaDreamspeechtohundredsofthousandsattheMarchonWashington.1964--CongresspassesCivilRightsActdeclaringdiscriminationbasedonraceillegalafter75-daylongargument.•1966--EdwardBrooke,electedfirstblackU.S.senatorin85years.1968--MartinLutherKingJr.assassinatedinMemphis,Tennessee;1973--MaynardJackson,firstblackelectedmayorofamajorSouthernU.S.city.1975--VotingRightsActextended.•1988--CongresspassesCivilRightsRestorationActoverPresidentReagan'sveto.•1989--L.DouglasWilder(Virginia)becomesfirstblackelectedgovernor.1991--CivilrightsmuseumopensatKingassassinationsiteinMemphis.2009--BarackObamatooktheofficeofwhitehousein2009Conclusion•BlackAmericansandotherminoritieshavewonmanyrightsinthelastthirtyyears.•Segregationhasbeenmadeillegal.•Butprejudiceanddiscriminationhavenotcompletelydisappearedfromsociety.•Thestruggleagainstthemcontinues.