浪漫主义时期历史背景及诗人简介

浪漫主义时期（1798-1832）历史背景：Politicalandsocialfactors:1.TheAmericanandFrenchrevolution:anupsurgeofnationalliberationanddemocraticmovementsAmericanrevolution(1775-1783)—TheformationoftheindependentUnitedStates.Frenchrevolutionof1789—“Liberty,equalityandfraternity”2.TheIndustrialRevolutionEffect：1.Oneofthemaineffectsoftherapidandvasteconomicchangeswastheurbanizationofthegrowingpopulation.2.Theconditionsoftheworkingpoorinthecitieswasintolerable.3.Therewerechildrenworkingindark,dangerousfactories.4.Theworkingclassesandthepoorlivedinpolluted,congestedslums.Massepidemicsliketyphoidfeverafflictedtheslums.Theromantics,theliberals,thesocialists,theanarchistsandthecommunistsallemergedwiththeirideologiesatthispointinhistorytocriticizetheseman-madehorrors.3.TheLudditemovement（工人运动）思想文化背景:1.Rousseau卢梭(page2)—thefatherofromanticism—Torelyonfeelings,tofollowtheinstinctsandemotions.—Returntonature。2.EdmundBurke埃德蒙伯克(Page2)—ReflectionontheRevolutioninFrance(1790)《法国革命感想》3.ThomasPaine托马斯潘恩(page3)—RightsofMan(1791)浪漫主义简介：+Itwasanartistic,literary,andintellectualmovementthatoriginatedinEuropetowardtheendofthe18thcenturyandinmostareaswasatitspeakintheapproximateperiodfrom1800to1850.+PartlyareactiontotheIndustrialRevolution,itwasalsoarevoltagainstaristocraticsocialandpoliticalnormsoftheAgeofEnlightenmentandareactionagainstthescientificrationalizationofnature.+Itwasembodiedmoststronglyinthevisualarts,music,andliterature,buthadamajorimpactonhistoriography,educationandthenaturalsciences.+Itseffectonpoliticswasconsiderableandcomplex;whileformuchofthepeakRomanticperioditwasassociatedwithliberalismandradicalism,inthelongtermitseffectonthegrowthofnationalismwasprobablymoresignificant.+ThetermwasusedinGermanyandFranceattheendof18thandbeginningof19thCtoclassifyanewmovementinliterature,especiallyinpoetry.浪漫主义时期代表人物共同特征：(1)Theycultivatedimaginativefreedom,thoughinveryvariousways,andthisencouragedthemtouseavarietyofsometimesveryloosepoeticforms.(2)Eachofthemtendedtoexpressthefeelingsofmaninsolitudeasopposedtothoseofmaninsociety.(3)Theysharedatendencytobeinwardturningratherthanoutward-looking.(4)All,exceptperhapsBlake,respondedvividlytonatureandthenaturalanduncivilizedwayoflife..(5)Theytendedtouselanguagewithmorefreedomandinformationthanthe18thCpoets,andemphasizetheneedforspontaneityinthoughtandactionandintheexpressionofthought.(6)Theywereall,butindifferentways,profoundlyaffectedbythegreathistoricalfactoftheFrenchRevolution,andbyitsvariousimmediateconsequences,especiallythecareerofNapoleon;Blake,Wordsworth,Coleridgebeganaswarmrevolutionarysympathizers,buttheNapoleonicwarscausedBlaketowithdrawandturnedtheothertwointoconvincedconservatives.(7)Allofthemexaltedtheindividualgenius.Generalcharacteristicfeaturesoftheromanticmovement（Page.3）1.Subjectivism2.Spontaneity3.Singularity4.Simplicity:everydaylanguagespokenbytherusticpeople5.Adominatingnoteofmelancholy6.Afreerverseform浪漫主义诗人派别:1.Lakepoet—thepassiveorescapistromanticists:Wordsworth,Coleridge,Southey—detestingtherealworld,escapingfromthereality.2.Activeorradicalromanticists:Byron,Shelley,Keats—strivingtostrengthenman’swilltoliveandraisehimupagainstthedarknessintheworld.Principlesofpoetry1Subjects:1).Thegreatsubjectsofpoetryare“essentialpassionsoftheheart”and“thegreatandsimpleaffections.”(PrefacetoLyricalBallads(2nded.)).2).Incidentsandsituationsfromcommonlife2.Sourceofpoetry:feelings1).“allgoodpoetryisthespontaneousoverflowofpowerfulfeelings”2).Emotionrecollectedintranquility3.Language:“reallanguageofmeninastateofvividsensation”(nopoeticdiction)诗人简介：1．WilliamWordsworth：早期经历：+BothparentshaddiedbythetimeWordsworthwas13+JohnWordsworth,hisfather,wasveryeducatedandliberalandencouragedhischildrentobethesame+Wordsworth’shometownwasinthebeautifulLakeDistrictpromptinghisearlyloveandappreciationofnature,alongwithimagination自然和妹妹的影响：+Believedallindividualshavepotentialtoreachatranscendentalunderstandingofnaturethroughhisorherrelationshipwithnature+Believednaturewasthegluethatbindseverythingtogether+Dorothy,Wordsworth’ssister,wasveryimportanttohim–SheexperiencednatureatanearlyageandherthoughtsandimpressionsinfluencedWordsworth.2.SamuelTaylorColeridge:Englishpoet,literarycriticandphilosopher;afounderoftheRomanticMovementinEngland(withhisfriendWilliamWordsworth);amemberoftheLakePoets.Hecoinedmanyfamiliarwordsandphrases,includingthecelebratedsuspensionofdisbelief.HewasamajorinfluenceonEmerson,andAmericantranscendentalism.3.GeorgeGordonByronPersonalImage:aleaderoftheera'spoeticrevolution,henamedAlexanderPopeashismaster;aworshiperoftheideal,heneverlosttouchwithreality;adeistandfreethinker,heretainedfromhisyouthaCalvinistsenseoforiginalsin;apeeroftherealm,hechampionedlibertyinhisworksanddeeds,givingmoney,time,energy,andfinallyhislifetotheGreekwarofindependenceWritingforms：satire,versenarrative,ode,lyric,speculativedrama,historicaltragedy,confessionalpoetry,dramaticmonologue,seriocomicepic,andvoluminouscorrespondence,writteninSpenserianstanzas,heroiccouplets,blankverse,terzarima,ottavarima,andvigorousproseterzar