德国海上风电发展分析及启示

81，1，1，21.1000522.300180。。、。TK-9TM614AGermanOffshoreWindPowerDevelopment:AnalysisandEnlightenmentLIULin1,YINMing1,YANGFang1,GUANPeng2(1.StateGridEnergyResearchInstitute,Beijing100052,China;2.TianjinDesign&ResearchInstituteofElectricDrive,Tianjin300180,China)Abstract:Offshorewindpowerhasbeenemergingasanewtrendinwindpowerindustry.Asapioneerinwindpowerdevelopment,Germanyhasanambitiousplanforitsoffshorewinddeployment.BasedonthesituationoftheoffshorewindparksnewlyputintooperationinGermany,thispaperpresentsadetailedintroductiontothefootprintsoftheGermanoffshorewindpowerdevelopment,togetherwiththechallengesthatitfaces,aswellasanin-depthanalysisontherelatedsupportivepolicies,developmentplanningandinterconnectionwithpowergridsinGermany.ItalsopointsouttheimplicationsthatGermany’sexperienceinoffshorewindpowerdevelopmentcanhaveonChina.Keywords:offshorewindpower;integrationintogrid;enlightenment1674-8441(2011)08-0047-062011-05-110。。。11.12009[1]。68.9kW100%30.1%。2009819957.7kW205.6kW90%。12000—2009。2009191.7kW[2]43、、2577.7kW3。40%8%。EnergyTechnologyandEconomics23820118Vol．23No．8Aug.20114723。20083[1]2004Emden14.5MW2006Rostock12.5MW2008Hooksiel15MW。20101AlphaVentusBorkum45km125MW。20104815MW。1020。“BardOffshore1”1Borkum100km130km40m。805MW201032011。1.2《》。。1。。。2。30km5km30m、、。3。。。5MW。。220086———《》20201990CO240%。20109282050202016%35%203050%205080%。2015300kW20201500kW20303000kW。[3-6]。199111《》12000—20094881。200041《》。20048《》EEG2004。13/kW·h。200869《》EEG200915/kW·h。《》。3821200103。[7-8]20099204868。4500。24[7]。4Borkum1Dollart、Borkum2、HelgolandSyltHelgoland2Borkum2。20154Borkum2、Borkum1、Helgoland、Sylt360kW、512.2kW、188.8kW、189.3kW1250.3kW。43。44.1VSC-HVDCABBHVDCLightTMSeimensHVDCPlusTM2。AlphaVentus110kV30kV12110kVNorderneyLowerSaxonyWaddenParkHagermarsch110kV。Bardoffshore1Borkum2BorWin1。200911BorWin1。。4.1.1BorWin1BorWin1TranspowerBorkum2ABB4。、12432009—20154923。36kVBorWinAlpha154kV75kmDiele380kV。1。。4.1.2[9-12]5。1。。。。。。2BorWin1。。。。4.2DENA2015850km400kV。200620。30km20%~30%。2006TheInfrastructurePlanningAccelerationAct。[13-14]。200712176。4BorWin11BorWin140kW154kV(BorWinAlpha)，380kV(Diele)±154kV275km2125km5508。380kV。1BorWin12010673。ABBBorkum1DolWin17Prysmian800MWBorWin2576MWHelWin15。324。7。1DolWin1。2013。ABB2320kV。800MWBorkum1400MWBorkumWestIIProkonNord。165km75km90kmDorpen。2BorWin2。2013Borkum2VejaMateBardGlobalTech1StadtwerkeMunchen800MW。BorWin2200km300kVBorWinBetaDiele。3HelWin1。2013HelgolandNordseeOstRWEInnogy85km576MW。HelWin1±250kV1NordseeOstBrunsbuttel45km85km。5。。5～25m、50m2kW。、。。67：BorWinBorkum2，（DolWin1），（BorWinBeta），。5123、。1。。1AlphaVentus10。2。4。3。DENA[15]。20106ENTSO-E“”。230~280。。。4。。[1],,.[M].:,2010.[2]EuropeanWindEnergyAssociation.Abreathoffreshair-annualreport2009[R].Brussels:EWEA,2009.[3].[J].,2005,24(4):7-10.[4]AmberSharick,OleLangniss,RyanWiser.OffshorewindintheEU[R].Baden-Wurttemberg:CenterforEnergyandHydrogenResearch,2008.[5]RolfHanitsch.Extensionofwindenergysystemsandconsequencesonthegrid[C]//WorldClimate&EnergyEvent.Rio.,Brazil,2009.[6].:[R].,2008.[7]TheWindenergie-AgenturBremerhaven/Bremen(Wab).MapofGermanoffshoreproject[J].OffshoreWindEnergy,2009:38-39.[8]ThomasAhndorf.Strategiesforoffshorewindparkclusteringandclustergridconnection[EB/OL].(2009-10-15)[2011-05-11].[9]ChrisDecker.Internationalapproachestotransmissionaccessforrenewableenergy[R].UK:OFGEM,2008.[10]AhndorfThomas,WitzmannRolf,BoppSiew.TheGermanoffshoregrid:asuccessfulintegrationofoffshorewindpower[C]//EuropeanOffshoreWindConference.Berlin,2007.[11]SKChaudhary,RTeodorescu,PRodriguez.WindfarmgridintegrationusingVSCbasedHVDCtransmission-anoverview[C]//IEEEEnergy2030.Atlanta,GAUSA,2008.[12]JochenKreusel.IntegratedAC/DCtransmissionsystems:benefitsofpowerelectronicsforsecurityandsustainabilityofpowersupply[C]//16thPowerSystemsComputatiorContererlc.Glasgow,2008.[13]JorgKuhbier.OffshorewindpowerinGermany[R].EUPolicyWorkshop,2007.[14]DeutscheEnergie-AgenturGmbH(DENA).Offshorenetworks:theconnectionofoffshorewindparkstothenationalgrid[EB/OL].(2007-10-15)[2011-05-11].[15]DENAProjectSteeringGroup.DENAgridstudy:planningthegridintegrationofwindenergyinGermanyonshoreandoffshoreuptotheyear2020[R].Berlin:DeustcheErgergie-Agentur,2005.1982—。E-mail:[e-mail]1974—、。E-mail:[e-mail]1981—、。E-mail:[e-mail]（/）52