上外-语言学-问答题整理

1.Whatarethemainfeaturesofhumanlanguage?A.arbitrariness:ItmeansthatthereisnologicalconnectionbetweenmeaningsandsoundsB.productivity:Languageisproductiveorcreativeinthatitmakespossibletheconstructionandinterpretationofnewsignalsbyitsusers.C.duality:Languageisasystem,whichconsistsoftwosetsofstructures.Atthelowerlevelthereisastructureofsounds,whicharemeaninglessbythemselves.Buttheycanbegroupedandregroupedintoalargernumberofunitsofmeaning,whicharefoundatthehigherlevelofthesystem.Thentheunitsatthehigherlevelcanbearrangedandrearrangedintoaninfinitenumberofsentences.D.displacement:Languagecanbeusedtorefertocontextsremovedfromtheimmediatesituationsofthespeaker.E.culturaltransmission:Whilehumancapacityfrolanguagehasageneticbasis,thedetailsofanylanguagesystemhavetobetaughtandlearned.2.HowaretheEnglishconsonantsclassified?Whatarethephonemesineachcategory?Englishconsonantscanbeclassifiedintwoways:oneisintermsofmannerofarticulationandtheotherisintermsofplaceofarticulation.a.Mannerofarticulation:stops,fricatives,affricates,liquids,nasals,glides.b.Placeofarticulation:bilabial,labiodental,dental,alveolar,palatal,velar,glottalc.Voicing:BilabialLabiodentalDentalAlveolarPalatalVelarGlottalStopsVLptkVDbdgFricativesVLfθs∫hVDvðzЗAffricatesVL(t∫)t∫VD(dЗ)dЗNasalsVDmnηLiquidsVDl,rGlidesVDwj3.HowaretheEnglishvowelsclassified?Whatarethephonemesineachcategory?A.Accordingtothepositionofthetongueinthemouth:front,central,backB.Accordingtoopennessofthemouth:close,semiclose,semiopen,openC.Accordingtotheshapeofthelips:rounded,unrounded4.Explainwithexamplesthesequentialrule,theassimilationrule,andthedeletionrule.1.Sequentialrulereferstotherulethatgovernsthecombinationofsoundsinaparticularlanguage.Forexample,ifawordbeginswitha[l]ora[r],thenthenextsoundmustbevowel.2.Assimilationruleassimilatesonesoundtoanotherby“copying”afeatureofasequentialphoneme,thusmakingthetwophonessimilar.Forexample,the[i:]soundinwordslikebean,green,team,andscream.Thisisbecauseinallthesesoundcombinationthe[i:]soundisfollowedbyanasal[n]or[m].3.Deletionruletellsuswhenasoundistobedeletedalthoughitisorthographicallyrepresented.Forexample,inthepronunciationofthewordsign,thereisno[g]soundalthoughitisrepresentedinspellingbytheletterg.whileinitscorrespondingformsignature,the[g]ispronounced.Becausethedeletionruleisatwork:Deletea[g]whenitoccursbeforeafinalnasalconsonant.5.Explainwithexamplesthemainrulesofwordformation.1.Derivation(派生):newwordsareformedfromexistingwordsorbasesbyaffixation.“singer”from”sing”“writer”from”write”2.Compounding:stringingwordstogether“headstrong”,“without”3.Coinage:anewwordcanbecoinedoutrighttofitsomepurpose”walkman”,”Kodak”4.Clipping:theabbreviationoflongerwordsorphrasesexpo—expositionFrontCentralBackCloseSemi-closeSemi-openOpeni:IeæɑaЗ:зΛu:υ):ɑ:l)Quake--earthquake5.Blending:combiningpartsofotherwords.smog-smoke+fog;motel—motor+hotel6.Acronym:derivefromtheinitialsofseveralwords.IT—informationtechnologyISBN—internationalstandardbooknumber7.Back-formation:newwordscanbecoinedalreadyexistingwordsby“subtracting”anaffixthoughttobepartoftheoldword.tobeg(derivedfrombeggar);tobaby-sit(derivedfrombaby-sitter)8.Functionalshift:wordsmayshiftfromonepartofspeechtoanotherwithouttheadditionofaffixes.N.-V.tobug;V.-N.ahold9.Borrowing:whendifferentculturescomeintocontact,wordsareoftenborrowedfromonelanguagetoanother.exit,beer6.DrawthelabeledtreediagramsofthetwointerpretationsofthesentenceTheboysawthemanwithatelescope.1)Theboysawthemanwithatelescope.Usingthetelescope,theboysawtheman.2)Theboysawthemanwithatelescope.Theboysawtheman.Themanhadatelescope.7.Explainwithexamplesthemajorsenserelationsfromalexicalperspective.1.Synonymy(同义)referstothesamenessofclosesimilarityofmeaning.Eg.Dialectalsynonyms:autumn—fallStylisticsynonyms:dad—daddy2.Synonymsthatdifferintheiremotiveorevaluativemeaning:accomlic?&collaboratorCollocationalsynonyms:accuse…of—chargewithSemanticallydifferentsynonyms:amaze—astound3.Polysemy(一词多义):ThesameonewordmayhavemorethanonemeaningTable:1.apieceoffurniture2.thefoodthatisputonatable3.alevelarea,aplateau4.Homonymy(不同词，意义或拼写一样):wordshavedifferentmeaningshavethesameform.Differentwordsareidenticalinsoundorspelling.Homophones:red/readHomographs:lead/i://e/Completehomonyms5.Hyponymy:thesenserelationbetweenamoregeneral,moreinclusivewordandamorespecificword.Superordinate:flower.Hyponyms:roseCo-hyponymsAntonymy:wordareoppositeinmeaningGradableantonyms:old—youngComplementaryantonyms:alive—deadRelationalopposites:teacher—pupil8.WhatarethefourmaximsoftheCPinpragmatics?Explainwithexampleshowfloutingthesemaximsgiverisetoconversationalimplicature?1.Themaximofquantity1.makeyourcontributionasinformativeasrequired.2.donotmakeyourcontributionmoreinformativethanisrequiredeg.A:WhenisSusan’sfarewellparty?B:Sometimenextmonth.Theimplicaturethatresultsis“Idon’twishtotellyouwhenthepartyisgoingtobeheld”.2.Themaximofquality1.don’tsaywhatyoubelievetobefalse2.don’tsaythatforwhichyoulackadequateevidenceeg.A:WouldyouliketojoinusforthepicniconSunday?B:I’mafraidIhavegotaclassonSunday.B’