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U.K.overview1.NamesandPositionP.3★Thefullnameofthecountry--TheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIrelandTheBritishIsles—GreatBritain,thelargestone(地理概念)Ireland,thesecondlargestoneThousandsofotherislesTheUK—GreatBritain（政治概念）NorthernIrelandAnumberofsmallerislandsaroundthemGreatBritain—England,south,mostpopulatedanddevelopedP.4Scotland,north,secondlargestWales,southwest,thesmallestIreland,NorthernIrelandP.5LocationP.7—tothewestandofftheEuropeanContinent,ontheeastsideoftheAtlanticOcean.ItdoesnotsharelandborderwithanyothercountriesexcepttheRepublicofIrelandTothenorth:theseawaybetweenthecoastsofIcelandandNorwaytotheArcticOceanAcrosstheNorthSea:Holland,Germany,Denmark,Norway.AcrosstheEnglishChannel:FranceTothesouth:SpainandPortugal2.ClimateandWeatherP.11★Threefeatures—changeableweathermildtemperatureabundantrainfall3.InlandWaterP.14TheSevernRiver塞文河(thelargest,355km)TheThamesRiver泰晤士河(thesecondlargest,themostimportant,332km)TheClydeRiver克莱德河(inScotland)1.TheEnglishLanguageP.16★OldEnglish(5th-12thcentury)camewithAnglo-Saxoninvasion★MiddleEnglish(12th-15thcentury)aftertheNormanConquest★ModernEnglish(15thcentury)begantotakeshapeduringtheRenaissancePeopleP.20A.PeopleoftheEnglishorigin(themajority,descendentsoftheEnglish-speakingAnglo-Saxons)B.TheScottishpeopleC.TheWelshpeopleD.TheIrishpeopleE.Someotherminoritygroups★OriginsofthePeopleP.21A.TheaboriginalCeltsB.The1stcentury:theconquestoftheCeltsbytheRomansC.The5thcentury:theconquestoftheBritonsbytheTeutonictribesofAngles,Saxons,andJutes—theAnglo-SaxonsD.The8thcentury:theinvasionbytheDanesE.1066AD:theNormanConquest★CommonCharacteristicsofthePeopleP.34A.Conservatism—adherencetotraditionsandfamiliarthingsB.Reservation—refusaltoexpressone’smindC.Deference—beingrigidlystratifiedandstatus-consciousD.Politeness—beingcarefulwiththeirmannersReligionScotlandhasmorereligiousfreedomthanEngland.★BritainisaChristiancountry,butthelawprotectsfreedomofreligiousbelief,ornobeliefatall.However,themonarchhasnofreedomofbelief.Thelawrequiresallschoolchildrentoreceivereligiousinstructionsandtotakepartincollectiveworshipattheirschools.（背）★Thestate/establishedchurch—theChurchofEngland(theAnglican圣公会Church)withtheQueenasitshead,whoappointschurchleadersontheadviceofthePrimeMinister.Protestantinnature,andthetextbookoftheAnglicanChurchincludesthemaindoctrineoftheBible.（背）★TheChurchofEngland→2provinces教省(YorkandCanterbury)Government重点1.Government★ThesystemofgovernmentofGBisconstitutionalmonarchy★TheMonarch君主P.129TheQueenisofficialheadofParliament,SupremeGovernoroftheAnglicanChurch,fountain（泉水）ofjustice,fountainofhonor,andlivingsymbolofnationalunity.TheQueenhasthepowerto:（知道）Summon,prorogue闭会anddissolve解散parliament(normallydoneattherequestofthePrimeMinister);Giveroyalagreementtobillspassedbyparliamentbeforebecomelaws;Pardonthoseconvictedofcrimes(onministerialadvice)—fountainofjustice;Havepersonalimmunity豁免权fromcivil民事orcriminal刑事proceedingswhichdoesnotextendtoothermembersoftheroyalfamily;Conferpeerages,knighthood,andotherhonors—fountainofhonor,upontherecommendationofthePrimeMinister;Appointanddismissgovernment,military,andchurchseniorofficialsConcludetreaties,declarewar,makepeace,andrecognizeforeignstatesandgovernments,towhomforeigndiplomaticrepresentativespresenttheircredentials国书;AppointthePrimeMinisterwhennopartyhasamajorityorwhenthepartywithamajorityhasnorecognizedleader.ByconventionthesovereigninvitestheleaderofthepartywhichcommandsamajorityintheHouseofCommonstoformagovernment.MembersofParliamentareelectedatnationwidegeneral/universalelectionsheldevery5years.TheUKisdividedinto659(now)electoraldistricts(constituencies),eachconstituencyistoelectoneMemberofParliament.Everymanandwomanaged18oroverhastherighttovote.Eachvotercanvotefor1candidate.Votingisnotcompulsory.ThepartywhichgetsthemajorityseatsinParliamentwinstheelectionanditsleaderisappointedPrimeMinisterwhoisempoweredtoformanewgovernmentforthenext5years.Thepartywhichlosestheelectionhastoassumetheroleoftheoppositionpartywhichcanonlyformits“shadowcabinet”.★TheCentralGovernmentLegislature立法机构Executive行政部门Judiciary司法系统★Parliamentisthenation’ssupreme至高的legislativebody.★BritishParliament—theHouseofLords(theUpperHouse)P134theHouseofCommons(theLowerHouse)P138AllmembersoftheParliamentareconsideredasservantsofthemonarch.CabinetThenucleusofthegovernmentistheCabinetheadedbythePrimeMinister.Itconsistsofthechiefsofthemostimportantministriesanddepartments.ThePrimeMinisterdecidesthecompositionoftheCabinet.ButtheMinisterofDefense,theForeignSecretaryandtheChancelloroftheExchequerarecertainmembersoftheCabinet.（背）Ministersarenotallowedtoholdanypositionsinprivateandpubliccompanies.TheParliamentcantopple推翻thegovernmentbyroundingupenoughvotestopassa“noconfidence”motion.PartyPoliticsP.23★PoliticsinBritainisbasedonthetwo-partysystem.P.144★Thetwomajorparties—theConservativeParty保守党、theLaborParty工党★Election★TheEnglishnationallawconsistsof:P.27A.StatuteLaw(writtenlawsestablishedbylegislativeenactment)成文法,B.CaseLaw(atypeoflawbasedonjudicialdecisionsandpre