可持续发展和地下水资源的开采外文翻译

可持续发展和地下水资源的开采外文翻译本科毕业论文外文翻译外文题目:Sustainabledevelopmentandgroundwaterresourcesexploitation出处:EnvironmentalGeology342/3May1998Springer-Verlag作者:F.VillarroyaC.R.AldwellSustainabledevelopmentandgroundwaterresourcesexploitationAbstractInevaluatinggroundwaterdevelopmentboththepositiveandnegativeeffectsmustbeconsidered;otherwisebiasedconclusionsmaybereached.Onlywithequalconcernfortheneedsofpresentandfuturegenerations,fairexchangeoftechnologybetweencountriesanduserinvolvementcansustainablegroundwaterdevelopmentbeachieved.Examinationoftheuseofthetermaquiferoverexploitationshowsthatthereisnoagreementonasingledefinition.Inmostcasesitrelatestotheoveruseofaquifers,butinothercasesitisaplannedoveruse.InSpain,overexploitationisdealtwithinthewateractandimplementedbytheregulationsthatenforcethatact.Experiencehasshownthatwithoutthecooperationofthewaterusersthemselves,goodresultsarenotobtained.Relevanteducationisurgentlyneededforthepublicandthosedecisionmakersresponsiblefordeterminingthecorrectuseofgroundwaterresourcesforthepresentandfuturegenerations.KeywordsGroundwaterdevelopment,AquiferoverexploitationArefuturegroundwaterresourcesatrisk?Toanswerthequestionwhetherfuturegroundwaterresourcesareatrisk,itisnecessarytostudyboththequantityandqualityaspectsofgroundwater.WatersurfaceandgroundwaterisoneofthemostpervasivesubstancesonEarth.Thetotalvolumeofallwaterisabout1400millionkm3,butonly2%isfreshwater.Thecurrentrateofwithdrawalisabout3500km3/year,some2100km3forconsumptiveuse,while1400km3ofwastewaterisreturnedtorivers.Groundwaterwithdrawalspercentbysectorsare:domestic,industryandagricultureShiklomanov1991.Margat1991stressedtheneedtoimprovewaterevaluationstudiesandquantifiedtheamountofgroundwaterpumpageuseinvariouscountries.Hislistplacesthefirstfifteencountriesasfollowsinkm3peryear:India150,USA101,China74.6,USSRformer45,Pakistan45,Iran29,Mexico23,Japan13.1,Italy12.1,Germany9.5,SaudiArabia7.4,France7,Spain6.3,Turkey5andMadagascar4.9.Themainthreattogroundwatertodayisfrompointanddiffusesourcepollution.Thereforegroundwaterqualityprotectionisthekeyissueofgroundwaterresourcespolicyintheindustrializedcountries.Therearemanysourcesofrisktogroundwater,asdiscussedintheseminarongroundwaterfortheEUcountries.RIVMandRIZA1991summarizetheproblemsandthreatstogroundwaterresources.ThecurrentpracticesinalltheEUcountriesleadtoanon-sustainableuseofgroundwatersystems.ThedramaticDublinStatementemphasizestheunsustainableuseofgroundwater:“Humanhealthandwelfare,foodsecurity,industrialdevelopmentandtheecosystemsonwhichtheydepend,areallatrisk,unlesswaterandlandresourcesaremanagedmoreeffectivelyinthepresentdecadeandbeyondthantheyhavebeeninthepast”.GroundwaterresourcesexploitationandsustainabledevelopmentWhatdoessustainabledevelopmentmean?Infact,weareaskingifweareusingwiselytheresourcesneededforourlife-supportsystemThegeneralconclusionoftheseminarofministersoftheEnvironmentoftheEUcountries,wasthatinmanycountriessustainableuseofgroundwaterfordrinkingandotherindustrial,ecological,etc.functionsisbeingthreatened,especiallyintheagriculturalandindustrialcoreregionsoftheEU.Sustainabledevelopmentmustsatisfypresentneedswithoutjeopardizingtheabilityoffuturegenerationstosatisfytheirs.Overexploitationmaytakeplaceduringaperiodtoallowbetteruseofotherresources,orwhileothertechnologiesdevelop.Uncontrolledaquiferdevelopmenteasilyleadstoextensiveaquiferexploitationandeventosevereformsofoverexploitation.AquiferexploitationandsustainabledevelopmentMargat1993speaksofMalthusianunderexploitationinthecaseofinadequateuseofanaquifer.IntheopinionofCustodio1993,“intensiveaquiferexploitationisasourceofwealth,whichfostersregionaldevelopmentandhelpstoguaranteeasupplyuntilotherwatersourcescanbeeconomicallydeveloped”.Groundwateroverexploitationhasaseriesofnegativeconsequences,suchasincreasingwatercost,environmentalchangesaffectsonwetlands,salinityproblems,etc,reductionofotherwatersourcesalreadyinuse,watersalinizationandimpairmentofquality.Thenetresult,however,maybeeithernegativeorpositive.Positiveresultsdominateataregionallevel,butnegativeresultsare“newsthattriggeralarmbellsandMalthusianforecstsmundertheheadingofoverexploitation”Custodio1993.Ontheotherhand,intensiveexploitationoroverdraftaremainlypointsofview,referringtotheconsequencesofintensivegroundwateruse,asperceivedbyenvironmentalists,thenewsmediaandthepublicingeneral,andplaceemphasisontheadverseordetrimentalaspects.Therefore,inordertoevaluategroundwaterexploitation,notonlynegativeeffectsbutalsopositiveoneshavetobeconsidered:“otherwiseabiasedappraisalmaybereached.Normally,practiceshowsusthatbeneficialaspectsdominateoverdetrimentalonesinmostpracticalsituations”Custodio1993.Accordingtothislastauthor,themostseriouscauseofaquiferexploitationisignoranceofwhatishappening,andnegligenceinproducingthedataneededtoevaluatethehydrogeologicalandeconomicsituationcorrectly.Anotherharmfuleffectistheirresponsibleoverreactionofwaterauthorities,especiallywhentheyarepoorlyinformedorlackthescientificandtechnicalskillstoevaluatecurrentproblemscorrectly.Themosti