逻辑哲学论英文版

Tractatus-LogicoPhilosophicusByLudwigWittgenstein1Theworldisallthatisthecase.1.1Theworldisthetotalityoffacts,notofthings.1.11Theworldisdeterminedbythefacts,andbytheirbeingallthefacts.1.12Forthetotalityoffactsdetermineswhatisthecase,andalsowhateverisnotthecase.1.13Thefactsinlogicalspacearetheworld.1.2Theworlddividesintofacts.1.21Eachitemcanbethecaseornotthecasewhileeverythingelseremainsthesame.2Whatisthecase--afact--istheexistenceofstatesofaffairs.2.0[thereisnoparagraph2.0,butthereisa2.01]2.01Astateofaffairs(astateofthings)isacombinationofobjects(things).2.011Itisessentialtothingsthattheyshouldbepossibleconstituentsofstatesofaffairs.2.012Inlogicnothingisaccidental:ifathingcanoccurinastateofaffairs,thepossibilityofthestateofaffairsmustbewrittenintothethingitself.2.0121Itwouldseemtobeasortofaccident,ifitturnedoutthatasituationwouldfitathingthatcouldalreadyexistentirelyonitsown.Ifthingscanoccurinstatesofaffairs,thispossibilitymustbeinthemfromthebeginning.(Nothingintheprovinceoflogiccanbemerelypossible.Logicdealswitheverypossibilityandallpossibilitiesareitsfacts.)Justaswearequiteunabletoimaginespatialobjectsoutsidespaceortemporalobjectsoutsidetime,sotoothereisnoobjectthatwecanimagineexcludedfromthepossibilityofcombiningwithothers.IfIcanimagineobjectscombinedinstatesofaffairs,Icannotimaginethemexcludedfromthepossibilityofsuchcombinations.2.0122Thingsareindependentinsofarastheycanoccurinallpossiblesituations,butthisformofindependenceisaformofconnexionwithstatesofaffairs,aformofdependence.(Itisimpossible2forwordstoappearintwodifferentroles:bythemselves,andinpropositions.)2.0123IfIknowanobjectIalsoknowallitspossibleoccurrencesinstatesofaffairs.(Everyoneofthesepossibilitiesmustbepartofthenatureoftheobject.)Anewpossibilitycannotbediscoveredlater.2.01231IfIamtoknowanobject,thoughIneednotknowitsexternalproperties,Imustknowallitsinternalproperties.2.0124Ifallobjectsaregiven,thenatthesametimeallpossiblestatesofaffairsarealsogiven.2.013Eachthingis,asitwere,inaspaceofpossiblestatesofaffairs.ThisspaceIcanimagineempty,butIcannotimaginethethingwithoutthespace.2.0131Aspatialobjectmustbesituatedininfinitespace.(Aspatialpointisanargument-place.)Aspeckinthevisualfield,thoughtitneednotbered,musthavesomecolour:itis,sotospeak,surroundedbycolour-space.Notesmusthavesomepitch,objectsofthesenseoftouchsomedegreeofhardness,andsoon.2.014Objectscontainthepossibilityofallsituations.2.0141Thepossibilityofitsoccurringinstatesofaffairsistheformofanobject.2.02Objectsaresimple.2.0201Everystatementaboutcomplexescanberesolvedintoastatementabouttheirconstituentsandintothepropositionsthatdescribethecomplexescompletely.2.021Objectsmakeupthesubstanceoftheworld.Thatiswhytheycannotbecomposite.2.0211Iftheworldhadnosubstance,thenwhetherapropositionhadsensewoulddependonwhetheranotherpropositionwastrue.2.0212Inthatcasewecouldnotsketchanypictureoftheworld(trueorfalse).2.022Itisobviousthatanimaginedworld,howeverdifferenceitmaybefromtherealone,musthavesomething--aform--incommonwithit.2.023Objectsarejustwhatconstitutethisunalterableform.2.0231Thesubstanceoftheworldcanonlydetermineaform,andnotanymaterialproperties.Foritisonlybymeansofpropositionsthatmaterialpropertiesarerepresented--onlybytheconfigurationofobjectsthattheyareproduced.32.0232Inamannerofspeaking,objectsarecolourless.2.0233Iftwoobjectshavethesamelogicalform,theonlydistinctionbetweenthem,apartfromtheirexternalproperties,isthattheyaredifferent.2.02331Eitherathinghaspropertiesthatnothingelsehas,inwhichcasewecanimmediatelyuseadescriptiontodistinguishitfromtheothersandrefertoit;or,ontheotherhand,thereareseveralthingsthathavethewholesetoftheirpropertiesincommon,inwhichcaseitisquiteimpossibletoindicateoneofthem.Foritthereisnothingtodistinguishathing,Icannotdistinguishit,sinceotherwiseitwouldbedistinguishedafterall.2.024Thesubstanceiswhatsubsistsindependentlyofwhatisthecase.2.025Itisformandcontent.2.0251Space,time,colour(beingcoloured)areformsofobjects.2.026Theremustbeobjects,iftheworldistohaveunalterableform.2.027Objects,theunalterable,andthesubsistentareoneandthesame.2.0271Objectsarewhatisunalterableandsubsistent;theirconfigurationiswhatischangingandunstable.2.0272Theconfigurationofobjectsproducesstatesofaffairs.2.03Inastateofaffairsobjectsfitintooneanotherlikethelinksofachain.2.031Inastateofaffairsobjectsstandinadeterminaterelationtooneanother.2.032Thedeterminatewayinwhichobjectsareconnectedinastateofaffairsisthestructureofthestateofaffairs.2.033Formisthepossibilityofstructure.2.034Thestructureofafactconsistsofthestructuresofstatesofaffairs.2.04Thetotalityofexistingstatesofaffairsistheworld.2.05Thetotalityofexistingstatesofaffairsalsodetermineswhichstatesofaffairsdonotexist.2.06Theexistenceandnon-existenceofstatesofaffairsisreality.(Wecalltheexistenceofstatesofaffairsapositivefact,andtheirnon-existenceanegativefact.)2.061Statesofaffairsareindependentofoneanother.2.062Fromtheexistenceornon-existenceofonestateofaffairsitis4impossibletoinfertheexistenceornon-existenceofanother.2.063Thesum-totalofrealityisthew