2.2生态足迹及生态承载力.

EcologicalFootprint&EcologicalCarryingCapacity1“Wedonotinherittheearthfromourancestors,weborrowitfromourchildren”Haidaproverb(withKenyan,Chinese,&otherAmerindianvariants)通识课程：资源环境与可持续发展3一、两个关键术语生态足迹Ecologicalfootprint生态承载力Ecologicalcarryingcapacity通识课程：资源环境与可持续发展4Population/EnvironmentprinciplesI=PxAxTImpact=PopulationxAffluencex(/)Technology(EhrlichandHoldren)—Affluenceincludesconsumption,wasteandpollution—Technologyincludessystemsofprovidingwater,food,shelter,energy,etc.Overpopulationoccurswhen:—Toomanypeople,atagivenlevelofaffluenceandtechnology,depletetheresourcesthatsupportlifeandeconomies,and—Whentheyintroducemorewastesthantheenvironmentcanhandle.—Whenpeopleexceedthecarryingcapacityofanarea.通识课程：资源环境与可持续发展5WhatistheEcologicalFootprint?Theecologicalfootprintisanenvironmentalaccountingtoolthatiscomprehensive,yetasanindicatorrelativelysimpleandeasytounderstandTheEcologicalFootprintmeasureshowmuchnaturewehave,howmuchweuse,andwhousesit.Itshowsushowmuchbiologicallyproductivelandandwaterapopulation(anindividual,anorganization,acity,acountry,orallofhumanity)requirestosupportcurrentlevelsofconsumptionandwasteproduction,usingprevailingtechnology.•ittranslatesdatafortheconsumptionofenergyandmaterialresourcesintotheequivalentareaofbiologicallyproductivehabitatthatwouldberequiredtooffsettheiruse•itrevealstherelativeenvironmentaleffectoflifestylechoices通识课程：资源环境与可持续发展6Bioproductivesegments18%BiologicallyProductiveLand11%Deserts,IceCapsandBarrenLand67%Low-ProductivityOcean4%BiologicallyProductiveOcean22%通识课程：资源环境与可持续发展7CarryingCapacity•Themaximumpopulationofagivenorganismthataparticularenvironmentcansustainindefinitely,atagivenlevelofresourceavailability,affluenceandtechnology.•Maychange,upordown,inresponsetochangesofaffluence(consumption,wasteandpollution)oroftechnology(mechanismsthatprovideanduseresources).•Assumesstabilitywithoutenvironmentaldamage.•Maybemodifiedtoimproveenvironmentalpotential,ormaybedamagedbyunwiseresourceorpollutionpractices.通识课程：资源环境与可持续发展8二、生态足迹通识课程：资源环境与可持续发展9WhycalculateyourFootprint?MeasuringourEcologicalFootprintcanhelpusidentifywhatcontributesthemosttoourFootprint,andhowresourcescouldbeusedmoreefficientlyinordertosecureourownwellbeing,aswellasthatoftherestofhumankindandtheplanet-bothnowandinthefuture.CalculatingtheEcologicalFootprintforyourself,yourhousehold,office,school,shoporeventhelpstoidentifytheenvironmentalimpactsofeverydayactivitiesandcaptureprogresstowardsmoresustainablepractices.TheresultsofyourEcologicalFootprintmayevenmotivateyoutomakeafewchangestoyourlifestylethatwillhelptoachievereducedEcologicalFootprints.通识课程：资源环境与可持续发展10你的生态足迹是多少？消费与生活质量？—吃多少？吃什么？—中国食物消费和请客习惯，日本？—出行，轿车OR公共交通？自行车？你能为可持续发展做什么？学术研究——可持续消费通识课程：资源环境与可持续发展11小轿车、公共汽车、自行车所需面积对比通识课程：资源环境与可持续发展12NationalFootprintsThesizeofanationalecologicalfootprintdependsuponfourmajorfactors:1.Populationsize2.Standardoflivingpercapitaconsumptionofenergyandmaterialresources,andofmanufacturedgoods,food,andspacepercapitaproductionofwaste3.Technologybeingusedthisaffectstheefficiencyofenergyandmaterialusage4.Issuesrelatedtosocialequityinequitiesamongsocialgroupsinlifestyleintensity(andpoverty)aspirationsofpeopletohaveahigherintensityoflifestyle通识课程：资源环境与可持续发展13EcologicalFootprintsofCountriesecologicalfootprint(Gha/person)012345678910BangladeshPakistanIndiaIndonesiaPhilippinesEgyptChinaThailandTurkeyBrazilWORLDMexicoArgentinaChileSouthAfricaMalaysiaKorea,Rep.PolandItalyJapanRussianFederationAustriaNetherlandsSpainGermanySwitzerlandUnitedKingdomFranceNorwayDenmarkCanadaSwedenFinlandAustraliaUnitedStates中国环境与发展国际合作委员会和WWF日前共同发布了中国生态足迹报告指出，自从二十世纪60年代以来，中国的人均生态足迹持续增长了约两倍。作为一个国家，中国消耗了全球生物承载力的15%，中国消耗的资源已超过自身生态系统所能提供资源的两倍。报告指出，中国的人均生态足迹是1.6全球公顷，也就是说，平均每人需要1.6公顷具有生态生产力的土地来满足其生活方式的需要。中国的人均生态足迹在147个国家中列第69位。通识课程：资源环境与可持续发展14datafor34countriesranginginGDPandfootprintfromrelativelylow(e.g.,Bangladesh)tohigh(e.g.,Canada,U.S.A.)PerCapitaFootprintandGDPThepercapitaecologicalfootprintiscloselyrelated,inastatisticalsense,totheper-capitaGrossDomesticProduct(GDP)ofanationaleconomyecologicalfootprint(Gha/person)GDP($US)050001000015000200002500030000350004000045000500000.002.004.006.008.0010.002010年GDP中国:6.05万亿美美国：14.1万亿美元日本:5.5万亿美元通识课程：资源环境与可持续发展15datafor34countriesranginginenergyusefromrelativelylow(e.g.,Bangladesh)tohigh(e.g.,Canada,U.S.A.)Thepercapitaecologicalfootprintisalsocloselyrelatedtothepercapitaenergyconsumption,includingbothnon-renewableandpotentiallyrenewablesourcesPerCapitaFootprintandEnergyConsumptionecologicalfootprint(Gha/person)energyuse(tonsoe/person.yr)01234567890246810通识课程：资源环境与可持续发展16datafor34countriesranginginfoodconsumptionandecologicalfootprintThepercapitaecologicalfootprintisnotsocloselyrelatedtoper-capitafoodconsumption,whichhasamuchgreatersubsistencebasisthandoeseitherGDPorenergyusage.Becausefoodconsumptionisabasichumandemand,itisrelativelysimilaramongcountries.PerCapitaFootprintandFoodConsumptionfood(kcal/person.day)ecologicalfootprint(Gha/person)05001,0001,5002,0002,5003,0003,5004,0000246810通识课程：资源环境与可持续发展17三