Chapter-5-complex-vs-simplex

ChapterFourComplexvs.SimplexⅠ.Objectives•Thischapterisaimedto•HelpstudentsunderstanddifferencesbetweenC_Elanguagesinsentencelength,subordinationandclauses,andobtainingknowledgeofreasonsforthosedifferences.•Enablestudentstocommandthetransitionskillsincomplexsentences.2.KeyPointsandSpecialDifficulties•Keypoints•InfluencesonEnglishsentencestructurecausedbyend-open•Chinesecommon-topicclausesandtheirtranslation•Specialdifficulties•Sentencehandlingintransitionfromcomplexsentences:division,cutting,superordinateandsubordinateanalysis3.INTRODUCTION人们对以下诸方面的信心正在增强，在重新确定债务过程中的信心正在增强，在改变债务国在执行国际货币基金组织的严厉货币紧缩政策时所持的令人气愤而拖拉废沓的作风方面；心正在增强；在少量进口的外国产品方面的信心正在增强。4.1Differencesbetweentwolanguagesinsyntax•MostEnglishsentencescontainsubordinatestructures,whicharemodifierstoothercomponentsofthemainclause.Thosesubordinatestructuresincludephrasesandclauses.ThisstructuralformbringsEnglishsentenceslongwithcomplexlayers.Ingeneral,EnglishsentencesarelongerthanChineseones.•（英语常用从属结构，层次复杂，整句中很少有逗号。长度一般比汉语句子长。4FreshContent•InChinese,therearemanyloosesentence,diffusivesentences,omissionsentences,compactcomplexsentencesandflow-likesentences.Mostofthosesentencesareformedbyshortclauseswithlengthbetween7and12letters.•(汉语常用松句、散句、流水据、省略句、紧缩句、流水句。每句由数个小句组成，小句长度7到12字)4.2Reasonsforthisdifference•IReasonsforEnglishsentencelength•ITheuseofconnectivewords,formalchange,andgrammaticalrules,whichdefineclearlyrelationsbetweentheparts•英语使用关联词，可以清楚表明彼此关系。Themanycolorsofarainbowrangefromredontheoutsidetovioletontheinside.•2TheflexiblewordorderprovidesEnglishsentenceswithfreedomsinselectionofappropriateterms.•语序灵活，可以自由选择句子成分•3Theformalpronounsof“it”and“there”usuallymakeitpossibletoputthelongestpartattheendofthesentence,thusrealizingend-weight.•形式词“it”和“there”让最长部分放在句子后面，形成“尾重”结构•Eg.Itisagreathonorformetohavesuchawonderfulopportunitytovisityourbeautifulcountry.•有如此机会访问你们美丽个国家，这对我是个巨大的荣耀。•4.Theend-openfeaturemakesthefeatureevenmoreapparent.•英语句尾开放，让修饰词在中心词后面，不影响中心词理解（right-branching)•Hewastheman•whowrotetheletter•whichMaryfoundinthehouse•whichsherentedfromtheman•whotaughtheruncle.•姑娘北京姑娘•漂亮的北京姑娘•年轻漂亮的北京姑娘•身材苗条年轻漂亮的北京姑娘•皮肤白皙身材苗条年轻漂亮的北京姑娘面带笑容正看着我们两个皮肤白皙身材苗条年轻漂亮的北京姑娘IIReasonsforsimplefeaturesofChinesesentences•1.Chineselanguageisparatactic,i.e.,tobeunderstoodandcalculatedbyreadersthemselves.SothereisnoconnectiveorgrammaticalcoherencebetweenChinesesentenceparts.Ifasentenceistoolongtobeunderstoodeasily,itwillbeafailure.•2.Chineselanguageissomewhatrigidinwordorder,whichrequiresmodifierstobeinfrontofheadword.Thisrulealsoimposesrestraintsinthelengthofmodifiers.•ButChineselanguagehasitscompensation,thatis,allitsclausesarearrangedincoherencetothetheme.Anotionwillbedescribedinflow-likesentences,inwhichclausesareconnectedoneanotherinchroniclestyle.•换言之，汉语造句主要是采用“流水记事法”（chroniclestyle），常用分句或流水句来逐层叙述思维的各个过程（streamlineofthethoughts）汉语对复杂句子的补偿方法(1)Aclausecontainsjustonepieceofinformation;每个小句只包含一个信息(2)Theclausesarenotrequiredinsubjectcoherence;小句之间不要求主语衔接，主语可以跳跃或省略(3)Theclauseswillbeconnectedinlinewiththestreamlineofthethoughts,includingChineseorganizationallaws.小句之间根据思维过程衔接起来，即根据上一章所说汉语组织规律Example•HeadedbyNathanielSigh//,theIndiancompany//employs259members//combiningfiresafetyandelectronicsecuritybusinesses.•印度分公司(0)现由NathanielSigh领导（1），拥有员工259名（2），业务包括消防安全和电子安保(3)。•0:thecommontopic•我们讨论汉语中的复句时，一般是这样描述的：以公因话题为对象，音义语块单层次平面铺陈而这样一种音义语块平面铺陈的复句是公因话题句，如：•她吃完饭了，换上新衣服，新手帕，绣花鞋，镶边裤，又擦了一次粉，加了几件首饰，然后叫于福给她备上驴，于福给她赶上，往区上去。•人，一上年纪，世界成天变。变来变去，这人有钱了，成过家，喝点酒。生儿育女，生活安适，这个慢慢转成一个和平正直的人了。Transitionofcomplexsentences•英译汉时常常需要破句重组，化繁为简(1)破句(todividethesentence):英语句子中有多少信息，相应分成几个小句(2)重组（torearrangetheorder）：根据汉语的组织规律，将这些小句重新组织起来•Inthedoorwaylay(1)atleasttwelve(2)umbrellas（0）ofallsizes(3)andcolors(4).•门口放着一堆雨伞（1+0），少说也有十二把（2），五颜六色（4），大小不一(3)。•Youhaveallhearditrepeatedthatmenofscienceworkbymeansofinductionanddeduction,thatbythehelpoftheseoperations,they,inasortofsense,managetoextractfromNaturecertainnaturallaws,andthatoutofthese,bysomespecialskilloftheirown,theybuilduptheirtheories.•第一步：意群结构划分1)Youhaveallhearditrepeated(that-----,that----,andthat-----)2)thatmenofscienceworkbymeansofinductionanddeduction3)thatbythehelpoftheseoperations,they,inasortofsense,managetoextractfromNaturecertainnaturallaws4)andthatoutofthese,bysomespecialskilloftheirown,theybuilduptheirtheories.ExerciseTheChineseleadernotedtheongoingdiscussionwithintheE.U.onthepossibleliftingoftheembargoonarmssalestoChinaandhopesthatadecisionofliftingwillbemadeassoonaspossiblesoastofurtherenhancethepoliticaltrustandco-operationbetweenthetwosides.•。•中国领导人注意到，欧盟内部正在就可能解除对华军售禁令进行讨论，并希望尽快作出解除禁令的决定，以便进一步增进双方的政治互信与合作•Afoodsafetyprogramisadocumentwhichtellswhatstepsyouandyourbusinessaretakingsoastomakesurethatallthefoodyousellaresafe.•食品安全计划是这样一分文件：它说明你和你的企业采取了什么措施以确保你所销售的食品都是安全的。•Thebookyouarenowreadingisasimpleguidetargetedatfoodserviceandretailbusinesstowriteandthenimplementafoodsafetyprogram.•你所阅读的小册子是一个简单的指南，其目标在于使饮食和食品企业编制食品安全计划，并加以执行。•汉语的分句或流水句翻译成英语时，应该化简为繁，组合成复句或长句。•化简为繁（tointegraltheinformation）：将汉语分句中的信息组合成对中心成分的修饰成分，然后选择主谓，确定句子结构：Example•因为距离