The-One-Against-Many课件

TheOneAgainsttheManyTheOneAgainsttheMany•Abouttheauthor:•ArthurM.Schlesinger,Jr.(1917-):HeisahistorianofU.S.presidencywhoservedasaintellectual-in-residencyinKennedy’sWhiteHouse.TheAuthorofNumerousBooksHisMasterpieces:•TheAgeofRoosevelt•AThousandDays:JohnF.KennedyinthewhiteHouse•TheImperialPresidency•TheCyclesofAmericanHistory•TheDisunitingofAmerican•ALifeinthe20thCenturyHeisaLiberal•HebelievesintherobustliberalismthatproducedtheNewDeal.’•Foughtforcivillibertiesanddefendedcivilrights.•ButstaunchlyopposedCommunism•Apostliberalmanifesto—TheVitalCenter:thePoliticsofFreedom•GuidingtoReading:•“Americanhashadthegoodfortunenottobeanideologicalsociety”•TheSentenceisfromthefiftyyearswartheunitedstatesandthesovietunioninworldpolitics,1941-1991byArthurSchlesinger,Jr.Population&ResourcesinAmericaThenwecanget—Aspopulationspreadacrossthecountry,thepercentageofarablelandincountiesclosesttothedensestpopulationsdeclined.WhyAmericanshaveDeepFaithinEducation:thehistoricalreason•ThefirstsettlersofAmericaisagroupofPuritans.•Theseweremenofletters,hadattendedOxfordorCambridge,andcommunicatedwithintellectualsalloverEurope.TheHarvardCollegewasfoundedin1636,WilliamandMaryin1693andtheYaleCollegein1701.BesidestheBible,childrenneededtoreadinorderto“understandtheGod’sMeaningandthecapitallawsofthiscountry,”•TheMassachusettscodedeclared,orderbeingoftheutmostimportance,andchildrennottaughttoreadwouldgrow“barbarous”Itaroseoriginallyformaphilosophicalratherthananeconomiccommitment…(para.3)•Example:•ThomasJeffersonwrotein1816,“ifanationexpectstobeignorantandfree,inastateofcivilization,itexpectswhatneverwasandneverwillbe.”•Educationwasseenasthemeanstoenablethepublictomake“rightchoices”(thoseconsistentwithdemocraticvalues)andmaintainstabilitywithintherepublic.AnotherfactorintheprocessofAmericandevelopmenthasbeenthecommitmenttoself-governmentandrepresentativeinstitutions.(para.5)•Self-governmentistheprinciplethatthepeoplearetheultimatesourceofgoverningauthorityandthattheirgeneralwelfareistheonlylegitimatepurposeofgovernment.•Representativeinstitutions:asystemofgovernmentinstitutionsthatgivecitizenstheopportunitytovoteforrepresentativeswhowillworkontheirbehalf.•AnallusionfromaGreekpoetArchilochus(7th-centuryBC.)•“Thefoxknowsmanythings,butthehedgehogknowsonebigthing.””“hedgehog”&“fox”(para.7)TheFoxandtheHedgehogbySirIsaiahBerlin(para.7)Once,longago,FoxandHedgehoghappenedtomeet.IamFox,theslyone!boastedFox.Iknowahundredclevertricks!Whatareyou?Oh,IamHedgehog,thequietone,saidHedgehogmodestly.Iknowonlyatrickandahalf.Onlyatrickandahalf!mockedFox.Whatgoodisthat?Andyou'resuchafunny,pricklylittlething!Whatgoodareyou?Hedgehogdidn'tanswer.Hemerelystartedtowalkaway.Heynow,littleHedgehog!calledFox.Whereareyougoing?Toeat.Thefarmer'smelonsareripe.Oh,…Calvinism(para.8)•Calvinism(alsocalledReformedtradition,theReformedfaith,orReformedtheology)isaProtestanttheologicalsystemandanapproachtotheChristianlife.•ThisbranchofChristianitybearsthenameoftheFrenchreformerJohnCalvinbecauseofhisprominentinfluenceonitandbecauseofhisroleintheconfessionalandecclesiasticaldebatesthroughoutthe16thcenturyFivepointsofCalvinism•Totaldepravity人全然败坏无法自救。•Unconditionalelection神无条件的拣选罪人•Limitedatonement基督救恩限定的赎罪•Irresistiblegrace圣灵不可抗拒的恩召•Perseveranceofthesaints圣徒必永远得蒙保守“YetmostofthetimeAmericanshavefoxilymistrustedabstractrationalismandrigidaprioridoctrine.(para.9)•Rationalism•Knowledgearisesfromreasoning•Isthepositionthatthewaytoknowledgeisfromthegeneraltotheparticular•Requiressomegeneralaprioritruthswhichitviewsasnecessary(usually)•Characterisedbydeduction•Thegeneralprinciplesgivesmeaningtotheobservationsbyrelatingthem•E.g.Descartes’“IthinkthereforeIam”ThemostvitalAmericansocialthoughthasbeenempirical,practical,pragmatic…innovationandexperiment.(para9)•Innovationandexperiment:•TheUShasthelargestnumberofNobelPrizewinnersinscienceandeconomics:•Americahasbeenknownastheworld’stestinggroundofmanyreligiousandsocialreformplans.Empiricism•Knowledgearisesfromobservation•Isthepositionthatthewaytoknowledgeisfromtheparticulartothegeneral•Requiressomeparticularaposteriortruths(perceptions)whicharecontingent•Characterisedbyinduction•Thegeneralprinciplesarisefromtheprocessofrelatingobservations•E.g.Galileo’s“Alltruthsareeasytounderstandoncetheyarediscovered;thepointistodiscoverthem”Pragmatism•AnAmericanphilosophyfromtheearly20thcentury.•AccordingtoPragmatism,thetruthormeaningofanideaorapropositionliesinitsobservablepracticalconsequencesratherthananythingmetaphysical.ImportantPhilosophersofPragmatism•WilliamJamesC.S.(CharlesSanders)PeirceGeorgeH.MeadJohnDeweyW.V.QuineC.I.LewisWilliamJamesonPragmatism•WilliamJamesisthemostfamousphilosopherofPragmatismandhe’stheonewhomadePragmatismitselffamous.•ForJames,Pragmatismwasaboutvalueandmorality:thepurposeofphilosophywastounderstandwhathadvaluetousandwhy.•JameswroteonPragmatism:•“Ideasbecometruejustsofarastheyhelpustogetintosatisfactoryrelationswithotherpartsofourexperience.”ImportantBooksonPragmatismPragmatism,byWilliamJamesTheMeaningofTruth,byWilliamJames“radica