英国文学史上-The-18th-Century：Enlightenment

EnglishLiteraturePart41The18thCentury：Enlightenment（启蒙运动同时为美国独立战争与法国大革命提供了框架，并且导致了资本主义和社会主义的兴起，与音乐史上的巴洛克时期以及艺术史上的新古典主义时期是同一时期。）1)Arevivalofinterestintheoldclassicalworks,order,logic,restrainedemotion(抑制情感)andaccuracy.2)TheAgeofEnlightenment/Reason:themovementwasafurtherance(促进、成长)oftheRenaissanceofthe15thand16thcenturies,aprogressiveintellectualmovement,reason(rationality),equality&science(the18thcentury)3)The18thcenturyinEnglishliteratureisanageofprose.4)小说崛起：Inthemid-century,thenewlyliteraryform,modernEnglishnovelrised.Realisticnovel现实主义小说；Gothicnovel哥特式小说—mystery,horror,castles(frommiddleparttotheendofcentury)DanielDefoe丹尼尔•笛福1660~1731P148（小说家，新闻记者，小册子作者；十八世纪英国现实主义小说的奠基人。）Heisthefirstwriterstudyofthelower-classpeople,hislanguageissmooth,easy,colloquial(白话通俗的)andmostlyvernacular（方言的）,andheisthefounderofrealisticnovel.Works:√RobinsonCrusoe鲁宾逊•克鲁索P149(Fullname:TheLifeandStrangeSurprisingAdventureofRobinsonCrusoe)Itpraisethefortitude(不屈不挠、勇气)ofthehumanlaborandthePuritan.Robinsongrewfromanaiveandartless(天真朴实的)youthintoashrewdandhardened(坚定的)man,tempered（磨练）bynumeroustrials（考验）inhiseventfullife.Itisanadventurestory,Robinson,narrateshowhegoestosea,getsshipwreckedandmaroonedonalonelyisland,strugglestolivefor24-yearsthereandfinallygetsrelievedandreturnstoEngland.Thestorymaycomestraightfromasailor’slogbook.Figuresandthingsmentioned:AlexanderSelkirk塞尔扣克（thestorybaseduponhisexperience）Cannibals食人者Friday(RobinsonnamesthemanFridaytocommemoratethedayofhisrescue)Savage野人Captive俘虏JonathanSwift乔纳森•斯威夫特1667~1745P161Reference:JonathanSwiftisamastersatiristinthe18thcenturywhocriticizedthenewbourgeois-aristocratic(资本家-贵族)societyofhisage.Works：1）√Gulliver‟sTravels格列佛游记(fictionalwork)DoctorLemuelGulliverP163①Lilliput小人国厘厘普特(船出事而冒险，后跟商船回英国)②Brobdingnag大人国勃罗白丁拉格（Heisapygmy侏儒there.）（船出事而冒险，后跟船回英国）③FlyingIsland(Laputa)拉普特飞岛(虚无缥缈的发明→It’sabitterparody拙劣的模仿onscholasticsandprojectors.)（遇到海盗而冒险）④Houyhnhnm马岛(Good→Houyhnhnm骏马胡已姆bad→Yahoo,theypossesseveryconceivableevil.)2)AModestProposal一个小小的建议P181(ThisismadetoEnglishgovernmenttorelivethepovertyofIrishpeople)JosephAddison约瑟夫·艾迪生1672-1719P192EnglishLiteraturePart42(英国散文家、诗人、剧作家以及政治家。艾迪生的名字在文学史上常常与他的好朋友理查德·斯蒂尔（RichardSteele）一起被提起，两人最重要的贡献是创办两份著名的杂志《闲谈者》（Tattler）与《旁观者》（Spectator）)Works:SirRogeratChurchP196SirRogerattheAssizesP199法庭上的罗杰乡绅HenryFielding亨利•菲尔丁1707~1754P203（英国小说家，戏剧家，被誉为“英国小说之父”）Heiscalled“FatherofEnglishnovel”.Hewasthefirsttowritea“Comicepicinprose”(散文体史诗),andthefirsttogivethemodernnovelitsstructureandstyle.Works:TheHistoryofTomJones,aFoundling弃婴汤姆•琼斯的故事P205ThomasGray托马斯•格雷1716~1771P212Works:ElegyWritteninaCountryChurchyard墓园挽歌P213OliverGoldsmith奥利弗•哥尔德斯密斯1728~1774P220Works:TheVicarofWakefield威克菲尔德的牧师P221RichardBrinsleySheridan理查德•布林斯利•谢里丹1751~1816P225Works:TheSchoolforScandal造谣学校P226WilliamBlake威廉•布莱克1757~1827Reference:RomanticpoetWorks:1）SongsofInnocence天真之歌（Ahappyandinnocentworldfromchildren’seyes.2）SongsofExperience经验之歌（Awordofmisery,poverty,disease,warandrepressionwithamelancholy(忧伤的)tonefrommeneyes.Include:TheChimneySweeper扫烟囱的孩子P247London伦敦P244TheTyger√老虎P245—Lambisasymbolofpeaceandpurity,tygerisasymbolofdread（恐惧）andviolence.(《老虎》中的手法：ellipsis省略,metaphor)3）TheMarriageofHeavenandHell天堂与地狱的婚姻(satire,fable)Definitionsofimportantliteraryterms:Symbol:Literally,somethingthatstandsforsomethingelse.Inliterature,anyword,object,action,orcharacterthatembodiesandevokesanrangeofadditionalmeaningandsignificance.RobertBurns罗伯特•彭斯1759~1796P248ThegreatestScottishpoetinthelate18thcentury.WorksChieflyintheScottishDialect:1）MyHeart’sintheHighlands我的心呀在高原P250(patrioticone)2）JohnAnderson,MyJo约翰•安徒生，我爱P251√3）ARed,RedRose一朵红红的玫瑰P252(hypobole,metaphor)4)ToaMouse致小鼠P253(belongstoPoemsChieflyinScottishDialect主要用苏格兰方言写的诗，其中还包括→TheCotter’sSaturdayNight农民星期六晚上,ToaMountainDaisy致山中雏菊,ManWasMadetoMourn悲哀的人,AddresstotheDevil魔鬼誓言等)5)AuldLangSyne友谊地久天长P255Definitionsofimportantliteraryterms:EnglishLiteraturePart431)rhyme:韵律Likenessoftheterminal末端soundsofwords,frequentlyusedinversification诗律eitherattheendofalineofverseorwithintheline.2)Rhythm:节奏Controlledormeasuredflowofmovement,eitheraural听觉的orvisual,usuallyproducedbyanorderedarrangementofdifferentelementsofthemediumconcerned.