高级英语第二册第八课课后题答案..

Lesson8TheworkerasCreatororMachine---byFromm,Erich(1900-1980)Aims1.Toknowtheauthor,ErichFromm2.Tolearnthewritingtechniqueofcausation3.ToappreciatethelanguagefeaturesTeachingContents1.ErichFromm2.Causationandthethesis2.Detailedstudyofthetext3.Organizationalpattern4.Languagefeatures5.ExercisesTimeallocation1.Theintroductionoftheauthor(10min.)2.Causationandthethesis(10min.)3.Detailedstudyofthetext(115min.)4.Structureanalysis(15min.)5.Languageappreciation(15min.)6.Exercises(15min)Fromm,Erich1.German-Americanpsychoanalystandauthor2.BorninFrankfurt,Germany3.Ph.D.UniversityofHeidelbery海德堡大学4.In1934,hecametotheUS,practicedpsychoanalysisandlecturedatvariousinstitutions.Fromm,ErichAsapsychoanalyst,heappliedpsychoanalysistosocial,political,religious,moralactivities.Hewasparticularlyinterestedinthestudyofindividualandsociety.Hepaidmuchattentiontoselfhumanrealization.Fromm,ErichHetookviewsofFreudandheattemptedasynthesis(combination)andreformulation(systematicalexpression)ofFreudandMarx.Fromm,ErichHeisalsoaself-styledMarxist,buthisideaisagainstthetheoryofMarxism,forheusedtoviewthingsfrompsychoanalysis,notfromclassstruggle.HispointofviewHeheldthatmanisaproductofhisculture.Socialcharacterisnotdeterminedbyinstinct(biologicaldrive)butrathershapedbyculturaltraining.个体的人格是文化的产物，而不是生物学的产物。HisworksEscapefromFreedom《逃离自由》TheSaneSociety《健全的社会》TheArtofLoving《爱的艺术》PsychoanalysisandReligion《精神分析学与宗教》HisworksMayManPrevail《愿人类成功》TheRevolutionofHope《希望革命》TheAnatomyofHumanDestructiveness《人类毁灭之分析》BeyondtheChainsofIllusions《越过幻想之链》HisworksThispieceisanexcerptfrom“TheSaneSociety”1955.Inthisbook,FrommismainlyconcernedwiththeeffectofasociologicalenvironmentonAmericanswhichexalts(praise)successthrough1.competition2.humanalienationthataccompaniestechnologicaldevelopmentwhichisolatestheworkmanfromthefinishedproduct.alienate–estrange,turnaway,setagainst,disunite,separate,divideAnt.---unite,reconcileThethemeofthetextThistextisdiscussingtheworkers’positioninthesociety.Theworkersarenolongercreatorbutbecomingmoreandmorelikemachine.Itisaboutmen’sattitudetowardswork.Workhasbecomeanalienatingfactor.ThetextThechangeofthemeaningofworkInancienttimes,work----satisfactory,apleasurablethingInmoderntimes,work---aduty,forcedlabor,ThetextdealswiththereasonandresultofthisalienationliterarystyleexpositionThemainthesisisbetterexpressedinthefirstsentenceofthedeletedparagraph“themeaningofworkinanalienatedsociety”.Thethesis---“Heispartofthemachine,ratherthanitsmasterasanactiveagent.”(para.6)ThemethodThemethodthewriterusesintheexpositorywritingiscausalanalysis/causation因果分析CausationItmeanssomethinghappenedis1)becauseofsthelse2)asaresultofsth.elseInthislesson,thewriterexplainedthereasonwhymanchangestheattitudetowardworkanditseffect.DetailedstudyofthetextPara.1---thespecificpositivevaluesofworkPara.1Whatarethespecificpositivevaluesofwork?1.Workenableshumanbeingstorisefromtheanimalkingdom.2.Workliberatesmenfromnatureandmakesthemintosocialbeingsandworktogetherinacooperativeway.positivevalues:3.Workmoldsandchangesnatureandhimself.4.Workdevelopsman’sdifferentpowers,skills,capacities,personalityandcreativity.Para.1Manisfirstofallananimal,andhecanbedifferentiatedfromotheranimalsinthat,amongotherthingsheproduces,hemakestools,andothernewthingsoutoftherawmaterialshefindsaroundhim.kingdom---allnaturalobjectshavebeenclassifiedintothreegreatdivisions1.animalkingdom2.vegetablekingdom3.mineralkingdomHeseparates….Bybecomingnature’smaster,bystationinghimselfabovenature,manseparateshimselffromnature.Butatthesametimeheconnectshimselfonceagaintonaturetofurtherconquerheranddevelophisunderstandingofher.Inmoldingnature…Man’sabilitiesandpowersasaspecies,andman’eindividualabilitiesandpowers(ofcooperation,reasonandsenseofbeauty)increaseanddeepenasaresultofcontrollingnatureandremakinghertofulfillhisneeds.allareexpressions…Alltheabove–mentionedworkshowshowmanhastransformednaturethoughthisreasonandskillcreatively.Para.2detaileddescriptionofthemeaningofworktoman.Workwas…satisfactionTheparagraphdealswiththesubjectofcraftsmanship.AccordingtoMillsandFrommcraftsmanshipinvolvesthecontroloftheworkprocessbytheindividualworker.AtitsheightinthelateMiddleAges,itenhancedman’sproductivepowersandwasasourceofgreatsatisfactiontothecraftsman.C.Wright.MillsAnAmericansociologist,knownasoneoftheveryfewoutstandingsocialcriticsduringtheMcCarthyperiod.hisbestknownworkisWhiteCollar(1951),fromwhichhisquotationistaken,andThePowerandElite.Hediedin1962.McCarthyAmericanpolitician.AU.S.senatorfromWisconsin(1947-1957),hepresidedoverthepermanentsubcommitteeoninvestigationsandheldpublichearingsinwhichheaccusedarmyofficials,membersofthemedia,andpublicfiguresofbeingCommunists.Hischargeswereneverproved,andhewascensuredbytheSenatein1954.McCarthy麦卡锡，约瑟夫·雷芒德1908-1957美国政治家，来自威斯康星州的美国参议员(1947-1957年）。他指责许多军队官员、新闻媒介内部工作人员和公众人物为共产党，并指挥一个永久委员会分会对他们进行调查和公开审判。他的指控从未成立，1954年他受到议会的谴责Whyworkwasapleasuretoman?Becausetheworkerisfreetocontrolhisownworkingaction.Heisresponsibleforthewholeproductionprocess.Whydoesth