您好,欢迎访问三七文档
当前位置:首页 > 商业/管理/HR > 质量控制/管理 > Lakoffs-Women--Fire-&-Dangerous-Things
1of9Lakoff's'Women,Fire&DangerousThings'-WhateveryIAshouldknowDonnaMaurer-MaadmobInteractionDesignIASummit2006AboutDonnaMaurerFreelance information architect/interaction designerI design interfaces for complex informational and interactive systems5+ years professional experienceDesigned loads of business applications, websites, intranetsPractice, teach and write about IA and IxDStudying Masters of Human FactorsChair for next yearʹs IA SummitWebsite: ʹs Women, Fire, and Dangerous Things. James Melzer: Fire and Dangerous Things: What Categories Reveal About the Mind. Maadbooks: ‐fire‐dangerous2.WhythisisimportantThe idea of a category is central... Most symbols (i.e., words & representations) do not designate particular things or individuals in the world... Most of our words & concepts designate categories.There is nothing more basic than categorization to our though, perception, action & speech. Every time we see something as a kind of thing, for example, a tree, we are categorizing.Why is this important to know:The book is about categorisation and cognitionChallenges the classical theory of categorisationContains a number of core insights into the way categories work in our brainFundamental for the type of work IAs doCan be paradigm shiftingPlus, it is also incredibly hard to read, and contains a lot of information we do not need to know about. The key ideas are tiny sentences, mixed up amongst long paragraphs.The concepts discussed here are those that are most relevant for IAs. They do not cover everything in the book, especially much of the philosophical argument. Most of the key concepts actually belong to others, being reviewed and examined here.ClassicalcategorisationIn the classical view of categories:categories are abstract containers with things either inside or outside the categorythings are in the same category if and only if they have certain properties in commoneach category has clear boundariesthe category is defined by common properties of the membersthe category is independent of the peculiarities of any beings doing the categorisingno member of a category has any special statusall levels of a hierarchy are important and equivalentIt has been with us for thousands of years3of9The intent of the book is very much to debunk classical categorisation theory, and replace it with a theory of prototype‐based categories defined by cognitive models.The book starts with a review of the major themes, by examining contributions from particular authors. This appears to be unimportant background material, but is the most important chapter ofthe book. If you read nothing else, read this chapter.The theme that holds the following ideas together is the idea of a cognitive model. From the book:Cognitive models are directly embodied with respect to their content, or else they are systematically linked to directly embodied models. Cognitive models directly structure thought and are used in forming categories and in reasoning.Most cognitive models are embodied with respect to use. Those that are not are only used consciously and with noticeable effort.The nature of conceptual embodiment leads to basic‐level categorization and basic level primacyPrototypeeffectsCategories have best, or prototypical examples, with some members of the category being more representative than other membersThese are abundant in the real world:Bird ‐ robins, chickens, penguins, ostrichesChair ‐ desk chair, kitchen chair, rocking chair, electric chairPrototype effects are superficial phenomena which may have many sourcesIf classical theory were true, no member of a category would have any special status, as the properties defining the category are shared by all members.Elanor Rosch is considered to be the key contributor to prototype theory and basic level categories.OtherchallengestotheclassictheoryFamily resemblance ‐ category members may be related to one another without all having properties in common (game)Some categories have degrees of membership and no clear boundaries (number, tallmen)Generativity ‐ Categories can be defined by a generator plus rulesMetonymy ‐ some subcategory or submodel is used to comprehend the category as a whole (e.g. stereotypes)Ideals ‐ many categories are understood in terms of abstract ideal cases, which may not be typical or stereotypicalRadial categories ‐ a central subcategory plus non‐central extensions. Extensions arebased on convention (mother)4of9These are some of Lakoffʹs key challenges to classic theory. At least one example is provided for each, but not enough examples for me to clearly understand the difference between the types of prototype effects.The example provided for a generative category is that of relationships in an American Indian kinship system.BasiclevelcategoriesCategories are not merely organized in a hierarch
本文标题:Lakoffs-Women--Fire-&-Dangerous-Things
链接地址:https://www.777doc.com/doc-5444544 .html