week-6-chapter2-distinctive-features

IntroductionstoLinguisticsbyWangBojiaDistinctivefeaturesClassificationofspeechsoundssoundsvowelsconsonantsOralvowelsNasalvowelsSonorants响音nasalsliquidsGlides滑音Obstruents塞音stopsfricativesaffricatesLateralsrhoticsDistinctivefeatures辨音特质TheideaofDFswasfirstdevelopedbyRomanJacobsoninthe1940sasameansofworkingoutasetofphonologicalcontrasts音位对比oroppositionstocaptureparticularaspectsoflanguagesounds.Itisusedtodistinguishonephonemefromanotheroragroupofsoundsfromanother.DFsarealwaysshowninabinaryoppositionaseitherpresent[+]orabsent[-]ClassesofDFsMajorclassfeatures[±syllabic音节主音(或领音)]mainlydistinguishesvowelsfromallothersoundtypes[+syl]soundsformasyllablepeak,includingvowelsandsyllabicconsonants音节性辅音[-syl]referstoglidesandnon-syllabicconsonants.[±sonorant]distinguishessonorants响音fromobstruents塞音[+son]soundsproducedwithavocaltractconfigurationinwhichspontaneousvoicingispossible.Itincludesallsonorants[-son]referstoobstruents[±consonantal]distinguishesobstruents,liquidsandnasalsfromvowelsandglides.[+cons]soundsproducedwithamajorobstructionintheoralcavity,includingobstruents,liquids,nasals,andallnon-pulmonicconsonants.[-cons]referstovowelsandglides.Mannerfeatures[±continuant]distinguishesstopsandaffricatesfromallothersounds[+cont]soundsproducedinsuchawaythatairflowthroughtheoralcavityisnotcompletelyblocked,suchasvowels,glides,liquids,andfricatives.[-cont]referstooral/nasalstopsandaffricates[±delayedrelease]mainlydistinguishesaffricatesfromstops[+delrel]releaseofatotalconstrictionisslowedsothatthereisafricationatthesamepointofarticulation.Itincludesaffricatesonly.[-delrel]referstostopsandallothersounds[±nasal]differentiatesnasalsoundsandnon-nasalsounds[+nas]soundsproducedwiththevelumloweredandconsequentairflowthroughthenasalcavity.Itincludesnasalsandnasalizedsounds.[-nas]allothersounds[±lateral]mainlydistinguishes[l]-soundsfrom[ɹ]-sounds,withwhichitsharesallotherfeatures.[+lat]soundsproducedwithcentraloralobstructionandairflowpassingoveronorbothsidesofthetongue[-lat]referstoallothersoundsLaryngeal喉音features[±voice]distinguishesbetweenvoicedsoundsandvoicelesssounds.[+voi]soundsproducedwithvocalcordsvibration,includingsonorantsandvoicedobstruents.[-voi]referstovoicelessobstruentsanddevoicedsonorants.[±spreadglottis声门]distinguishesglottalfricatives,aspiratedobstruentsandbreathysonorantsfromallothersounds[+s.g.]referstoaspiratedsoundsinwhichthevocalfoldsarespreadfarapart,includingglottalfricatives,aspiratedobstruentsandbreathysonorants([m̤],[a̤])[-s.g.]referstounaspiratedsounds[±constrictedglottis]groupsglottalstops,implosives,ejectivesandlaryngealizedsonorantstogether[+c.g.]referstosoundsinwhichthevocalfoldsaretightlyconstricted,includingglottalstop,implosives,ejectivesandlaryngealizedsonorants(creakyvoiced)([m̰],[a̰])[-c.g.]allothersoundsC-Placefeatures[±coronal]distinguishessegmentsinvolvingthefrontofthetongue,suchas,dentals,alveolarsandpalatalsfromothersounds.[+cor]soundsproducedwiththebladeortipofthetongueraisedfromthenaturalposition,includingdentals,alveolars,post-alveolarandpalatals[-cor]referstolabials,velars,uvulars,pharyngeals,andglottals.[±anterior齿音的，齿龈音的，唇音的]distinguishesbetweensoundsproducedinthefrontofthemouth[+ant]soundsproducedwithanobstructionlocatedatorinfrontofthealveolarridge,includinglabials,dentals,alveolars.[-ant]soundsproducedfurtherbackintheoralcavitythanthealveolarridge,includingpost-alveolars,palatals,velars,uvulars,pharyngeals,andglottals[±strident发音粗糙的辅音]onlyservestodistinguishbilabialandlabiodentals,orinterdentalsandalveolars[+strid]soundsproducedwithgreaternoisiness,including[f,v,s,z][-strid]refersto[ɸ,β,θ,ð][±distributed散布音的]isusedincoronal前舌音soundstodistinguishdentalsfromalveolars,oralveopalatalsfromretroflex.[+distr]soundsproducedwithaconstrictionthatextendsforaconsiderabledistancealongthedirectionofairflow,includingdentalsandalveo-palatals[t̪,d̪,ʃ,ʒ,tʃ,ʤ,tɕ,dʑ][-distr]referstoalveolarsandretroflex[t,d,ʂ,ʐ,dʐ,tʂ]Forvowels[±high],[+hi]glides,palatalsandvelars[-hi][±low],[+lo][ʔ]and[h],pharyngeal[-lo][±back],[+bk]velarsanduvulars[-bk][±round],[+rnd]labial-velarglide[w],labializedconsonants[-rnd][±tense][+tns][-tns][±advancedtougueroot]distinguishesARTvowelsfromnon-ARTvowels,oftenusedinAfricanlanguages[+ATR]soundsproducedbydrawingtherootofthetongueforward[-ATR]