American_History英美文学复习 美国历史精华篇

AmericanHistoryAmericanHistoryI.AmericaintheColonialEraII.TheAmericanWarofIndependenceIII.TheAmericanCivilWarIV.Americainthe20thCenturyV.Americainthe21stCenturyColonizationofNorthAmerica(1607-1776)Indians1ThediscoveryofAmerica2EarlyColonialEra3Indians:The“firstAmericans”TheDiscoveryoftheNewWorldAmerigoVespucciChristopherColumbusDiscoveryofTheNewWorld•In1492,ChristopherColumbus,anItaliannavigator,sailedacrossthevastoceanundertheSpanishflaganddiscoveredanunknownnewcontinent,buthemistookitforIndia.WhydidtheearlysettlerscometoAmerica?•Opportunity–ItdrewEnglishmerchantswhodreamedofestablishinggreatnewestatesoutofthewildness.–Itdrewcarpenters,bakers,tailorsandotherskilledworkmenwhocouldnotfindjobinEngland.–Itdrewthepoorandthehomelessfromfarmlandsandvillages.–ItdrewmanyEnglishinsearchofreligiousfreedom.In1620,atinyshipcalledthe“Mayflower”sailedfromEnglandfortheNewworld,with102passengers.50%werePilgrims.LandedinwhatisnowPlymouth,Massachusetts.•PilgrimFathersThePuritans•ThePuritanswerewealthy,well-educatedgentlemen.TheywantedtopurifytheChurchofEnglandandthreatenedwithreligiouspersecution,thePuritansleaderssawtheNewworldasthearefugeprovidedbyGodforthoseHemeanttosave.TheFoundingofthe13Colonies–ThefirstEnglishcolonyinAmericawasfoundedatJamestown,Virginia,in1607;knownasthemotherstate–Between1607and1733theBritishestablished13coloniesalongtheeastcoastofNorthAmerica.RelationsofAmericanIndianswithEuropeansettlers•friendship•hostility•AmericanIndianshelpedtheearlyEuropeanstosurvive•ThefirstThanksgivinginNorthAmerica.•AmericanIndianswerekilledanddriventomountainousandbarrenareasknownasIndianReservations,asaresultofinterestsinlandandculturalconflictsColonialperiod•ThecolonistswerebuildinganewwayoflifeintheNewWorld.TherewereanumberoffeatureswhichwouldplayaroleinformingtheAmericancharacter.Theywere：representativeformofgovernment,ruleoflaw,respectofindividualrights,religioustolerance宗教上的宽容andastrongspiritofindividualenterprise.StampAct•印花税，是税的一种，是对合同、凭证、书据、账簿及权利许可证等文件征收的税种。纳税人通过在文件上加贴印花税票，或者盖章来履行纳税义务。TeaAct•TheBritishgovernmentallowedthecompanytosellteaatlowerpriceinthecoloniesthroughitsownpeople.ThistookawaytheteabusinessfromAmericanteamerchants.TheAmericanWarofIndependence•WhatwerethecausesoftheWarofIndependence?Britain’scolonialpolicy–Theeconomyinthe13coloniesdevelopedveryfast–TheBritishgovernmentwastobringthedevelopmentundercontrolandtocollectmoretaxesfromthecolonies.–“Notaxationwithoutrepresentation”–(无代表，不纳税）HowwastheWarofIndependencestarted?–The“BostonTeaParty”•In1773,whenshipsofteareachedBostontobedistributed,severaldozenBostonresidentsboardedtheshipatnightandthrew$75,000worthofteaintotheharbor.Thiscametobeknownasthe“BostonTeaParty”.–Thestartofthewar•In1775,about1,000BritishsoldiersweresentfromBostontoseizethemilitarysuppliesoftheAmericanmilitia.WhentheyarrivedatLexingtontheyweremetbythearmedmilitiamen.SuddenlyashotwasfiredandtheWarofIndependencebegan.Wherethere’soppression,there’srevolution.BostonTheBattleofLexington(1775)ThefirstshotsstartingtherevolutionThefirstContinentalCongress1774•Date:September1774•Place:Philadelphia•Delegates:from12coloniesexceptGeorgia•Result:passedDeclarationofRightsandGrievancesThesecondContinentalCongress1775Date:May,1775Place:PhiladelphiaResult:TheCongressfoundedaContinentalArmyunderthecommandofGeorgeWashington.TheDeclarationofIndependenceDeclarationofIndependenceOnJuly4,1776,theCongressformallydeclaredtheindependence•TheDeclarationstates:“Weholdthesetruthstoself-evident:Thatallmenarecreatedequal;thattheyareendowedbytheirCreatorwithcertainunalienablerights;thatamongthesearelife,liberty,andthepursuitofhappiness;thattosecuretheserights,governmentsareinstitutedamongmen,derivingtheirjustpowersfromtheconsentofthegoverned;thatwheneveranyformofgovernmentbecomesdestructiveoftheseends,itistherightofthepeopletoalterortoabolishit,…”ThomasJefferson“我们认为下述真理是不言而喻的：人人生而平等，造物主赋予他们若干不可让与的权力，其中包括生存权、自由权和追求幸福的权力。为了保障这些权利，人类才在他们中间建立政府，而政府的正当权力则是经被统治者同意所授予的。任何形式的政府一旦对这些目标的实现起破坏作用时，人民便有权予以更换或废除…”2.3DeclarationofIndependence•OnJuly4,1776,theDeclarationofIndependencewassigned.Q.WhatdoestheDeclarationofIndependencetellus?A:Ittellsofthetheoryofpolitics,whichlatteriscentraltotheWesternpoliticaltradition:•Menhasanaturalrightto“Life,Libertyandthepursuitofhappiness”.•Governmentcanruleonlywith“theconsentofthegoverned”;•Anygovernmentmaybedissolvedwhenitfailstoprotecttherightofthepeople.ThomasJefferson(1743–1826)•Anti-Federalists•Thechairmanofthecommittee•ThethirdpresidentofU.S.A(1801-1809)TheDeclarationofIndependenceJuly4.1776TheDeclarationofIndependencewasdraftbyThomasJefferson.Ithadtwoparts:Thefirstpartjustifiedtherightofpeopletorebelagainstagovernmentthatdeniedthemtheirnaturalrights.ThesecondpartwasadetailedindictmentofKingGeorgeforcruelties,crimesandillegalpoliticalactsagainsthumanityandAmerica.DeclarationofIndependenceGeorgeWashington(1732-99)GeorgeWashingtonwasappointed(1775)commanderinchiefoftheContinentalarmy.Aftervictory(1783),hepresidedoverthecouncilwhichdrafted(1787)theU.S.constitution,andwasunanimouslyele