语法专题1----定语从句

语法专讲----定语从句定语的定义：定语是用来说明名词或代词的品质与特征的词或词组。A.可用作定语的有形容词、名词、代词、数词、副词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、从句和句子等。a)形容词adj.及b)副词Adv.Thisgirlisanaturalmusician.I’llrecommendaninterestingfilmtoyou.b)副词Adv.theroomabovethefactorytheretheworldtodaythewayoutthepeopleherec)名词noun.ababygirlawomandoctorsportscarwomendoctorswellwaterafool’sparadisetheworksofShakespeare1）horrorfilms/horriblefilms2）awonderbook/awonderfulbook3）stonepath/astonypathd)代词Pronoun.及e)数词Num.Yourhairneedscutting.Heisafriendofmine.Everybody’sbusinessisnobody’sbusiness.There’sonlyonewaytodoit.Doitnow.Youmaynotgetasecondchance.LessonOneRoom205f)不定式Ihaveanimportantmeetingtoattend.That’sthewaytodoit.Hehasawishtotravelaroundtheworld.IampleasedtohavethischancetotalktoyouabouttheUN.*It’stimeforustogo.g)动名词walkingstick手杖sleepingpills安眠药drinkingwater饮用水learningmethod学习方法h)分词awalkingdictionary活字典asleepingchild正在睡梦的小孩adrinkingman嗜酒者aretiredworker退休工人areturnedstudent一个归国留学生afadedflower一朵凋谢的花朵Theboyridingawhitehorseismybrother.Myvisitswillencouragepeopleworkingontheprojects.theurgentproblemscausedbywarsandconflictsi)介词短语Healwayshasaclearinsightintowhatisneeded.他总是能够洞察需要什么.theresearchintothespreadofAIDS定语从句语法意义：在复合句中，用一个由主谓结构组成的陈述句修饰某一个名词或代词的句子就叫作定语从句。被定语从句所修饰的词叫先行词；引导定语从句的词叫关系词。其有三：1）放在先行词与定语从句之间起连接作用；2）在定语从句中还担任了一定的成分；3）重现（代替）先行词的意义，所以其数与先行词一致。基本概念一个句子充当定语称之为定语从句。被修饰限定的词叫先行词，引导定语从句的词叫关系词，包括关系代词和关系副词。定语从句可分为两种，即限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。TheboyisTom.Theboyissmiling.TheboywhoissmilingisTom.Antecedent(先行词)Relativepronoun(关系代词)Thefarmisverylarge.Iworkonthefarm.ThefarmwhereIworkisverylarge.Antecedent(先行词)Relativeadverb(关系副词)关系词关系代词关系副词thatwhichwhomwhoseaswhenwhywhowhere正确使用关系词主语宾语表语定语状语指代人或物功能指代时间地点原因功能1.Ishallneverforgetthedays_____weworkedtogetherandthedays__________wespenttogether.vi.vt.whenwhich/that2.Those_____haveplentyofmoneywillhelptheirfriends.Theseapplesarerotten.You’dbetterchoosethose______arestillgreen.who3.Thepen_________Tomsentmeasmybirthdaypresentwaslost.Ihavelostmypen,_______Ilikeverymuch.that/whichwhichpeoplewhichapples选择依据：1）弄清关系词在从句中作什么成分，是主语、宾语、定语还是状语2）辨别先行词表示的是人、物、事还是时间、地点、原因3）判断从句是限制性的还是非限制性的(只有that,why不能引导非限制性从句)1.Theperiodduringwhenpeoplelearnedtosmelt(熔炼)ironiscalledtheIronAge.2.Humanbeingsaresocialanimalswhomusuallyprefertoliveingroups.3.Theman,ofwhoseredcarisparkedinfrontofourhouse,isadentistinthetown.4.DuringtheIndustrialRevolution,peoplemovedtocitieswhichmanyfactorieshadbeenbuilt.5.Thehousewherehelivesinneedsrepairing.whichwhowherewhichin关系词的使用---重点及考点关系词关系代词关系副词thatwhichwho(m)whoseaswhenwherewhy1.只用that的情况2.which引导的非限制性从句3.as的用法4.where从句修饰抽象名词1.All_____isneededisasupplyofoil.2.Theytalkednearlytwohoursaboutthepeopleandthethings_____theyrememberedinthevillage.3.Thisisnottheonlyapple____hasrottenaway.4.It’sthelongesttrain____Ihaveeverseen.5.Who____hasseenthefilmdoesn’tadmireit?thatthatthatthatthat1.在以下几种场合只能用thatA.先行词(指物)本身是不定代词或先行词被不定代词修饰B.先行词兼有指人和指物的名词C.先行词(指物)被thevery,theonly,thenext,thelast等修饰D.先行词(指物)被形容词最高级和序数词修饰E.当主句是which/who引导的特殊疑问句1.Sheheardaterriblenoise,_____broughtherheartintohermouth.(NMET1991)A.itB.whichC.thisD.that2.CarolsaidtheworkwouldbedonebyOctober,_____personallyIdoubtverymuch.(NMET1999)A.itB.thatC.asD.which3.Dorothywasalwaysspeakinghighlyofherroleintheplay,_____,ofcourse,madetheothersunhappy.(NMET2000)A.whoB.whichC.thisD.whatwhich引导的非限制性定语从句在高考中出现频率极高，其特点是：指代多样，既可以指代一个先行词，又可以指代主句的一部分或整个主句；位置固定，只能位于主句之后；译法灵活，通常做进一步解释说明。1.as引导的限制性定语从句此时先行词前常被such,thesame,so,as修饰，即构成such…as,thesame…as,so…as,as…as结构，做题时容易忽略。提示：在做有关定语从句题目时，如果选项中出现as,请先考虑是否考查as引导的定语从句。as作为关系代词，既可以引导限制性定语从句，又可以引导非限制性定语从句，在从句中做主语、宾语或表语.1.Sheissuchalovelygirl_____islikedbyeverybody.A.whatB.asC.thatD.whichSheissuchalovelygirlthat________________________sheislikedbyeverybody.(结果状语从句）2.Hereissobigastone_____nomancanlift.as动宾Hereissobigastonethat_________________.nomancanliftit主谓YournewdictionaryisjustthesamedictionaryasIboughtlastweek.I’veneverseensuchacleverchildasheis.我从未见过像他这么聪明的孩子。你的新字典和我上个礼拜买的是一样的。Asmanychildrenascamehereweremyfather’sstudents.来这儿的孩子都是我爸爸的学生。soascleverachildheis.表系宾动主谓2.As引导的非限制性定语从句也是高考经常考查的重点1)_____ismentionedabove,thenumberofthestudentsinseniorhighschoolisincreasing.(1999上海高考）A.WhichB.AsC.ThatD.It2)____isknowntoeverybody,themoontravelsroundtheearthonceeverymonth.(NMET2001)A.ItB.AsC.ThatD.What正如我们都知道的，电话是贝尔发明的。Asweallknow,thetelephonewasinventedbyBell.Thetelephone,asweallknow,wasinventedbyBell.ThetelephonewasinventedbyBell,asweallknow.其特点是：指代唯一，即整个主句位置灵活，可位于主句之后，之前或之中译法固定，通常译为“正如…”指代多样，既可以指代一个先行词，又可以指代主句的一部分或整个主句；位置固定，只能位于主句之后；译法灵活，通常做进一步解释说明。要注意与which引导的非限制性定语从句区分。Shemarriedhim,asisunexpected.Theresultoftheexperimentwasverygood,____wehadn’texpected.(2000京、皖春季高考）A.asB.thatC.whichD.whatwhichisunexpected.asisexpected.×：asiswellknown/isknowntoallashasbeensaidbeforeashasbeenalreadypointedoutasweallcanseeasisexpected/hoped/supposed,.asisoftenthecase……as引导非限制性定语从句常见结构有众所周知如前所述正如已经指出的正如我们所看到的正如所盼望的/希望的/料想的情况常常如此4.where引导的定语从句先行词大多数情况下是表示地点的名词，但也有特殊情况。如：1)I’vecometothepoint_____Ican’tstandhim.A.whichB.thatC.whereD.why2)He’sgothimselfintoadangeroussituation___heislikelytolosecontr