岩土工程和环境岩土工程的回顾及展望

Tounderstandwhereweareandtohelppredictwherewearegoing,itisusefultoreviewwherewehavebeen.CharlesAugustinCoulombMacquornRankineEVOLUTIONPriorto1940-KarlTerzaghiAfterWorldWarII:Politicalandsocietaldemandsfor:NewstructuresandfacilitiesProtectionandenhancementofenvironmentNewresourcesMitigationofnaturaldisasterrisksSOILMECHANICSANDFOUNDATIONENGINEERINGEDUCATIONIN1949Scopeoffieldlimitedmainlyto:SoilClassificationCapillarityandseepageStressanalysisbyelasticityConsolidationandsettlementanalysisShearstrengthSlopestabilityLateralpressuresBearingcapacityShallowanddeepfoundationsEmphasislargelyonsaturatedclaysandsandsDEVELOPMENTSFROM1950-1960SlopestabilityShearstrengthSoilstructure,causesofclaysensitivityCompactedclaypropertiesPavementdesignSoilstabilizationTransientloadingSlopeFailureinSwedenEffectofDisturbanceonaQuickClayUndisturbedQuickClayfromDrammen,NorwayWidth=20mmHeavyRubber-TiredRollerDEVELOPMENTSFROM1960-1970Porepressure,effectivestressanalysisPhysico-chemicalphenomenaRockMechanicsComputerapplicationsFiniteelementanalysesSoil-structureinteractionSoildynamicsLiquefactionEarthandrockfilldamsOffshore,coldregion,lunarprojectsMalpassetDamFailurePortAllenLockMobileCaissonforArcticExplorationApollo17LandingSiteDEVELOPMENTSFROM1970-1980ConstitutivemodelingIn-situtestingExpansivesoilsSoildynamicsCentrifugetestingPartlysaturatedsoilsGeotechnicalearthquakeengineeringUndergroundconstructionConstitutiveModelingCPTTruckExpansiveSoilLowerSanFernandoDamFailure,1971EisenhowerTunnelConstruction,I-70DEVELOPMENTSFROM1980-1990RiskandreliabilityGroundwaterandgeohydrologyGeoenvironmentalengineeringGeosyntheticsEarthreinforcementGroundimprovementGroundwaterContaminationIndustrialwasteshavebeendisposedinmanywaysPlacementofaGeomembraneReinforcedEarthWall,Valdez,AlaskaDeepDynamicCompactionDEVELOPMENTSFROM1990-2000WastecontainmentSiteremediationSeismicriskmitigationLandreclamationInfrastructureGeophysicalapplicationsGeographicinformationsystemsRumpkeMSWLandfillFailure12.5ha36mheadscarpMax.wastedepthof110mToemoved300min5minutesPre-failureslopeof2.6:1DownstreamTreatmentatMormonIslandDamI-15/I-80East/SR-201Junction(Artist'sRendition)SaltLakeCityMOSTSIGNIFICANTRESEARCHCONTRIBUTIONSFROM1950–2000INTHEUNITEDKINGDOM1.Criticalstatesoilmechanics2.Smallstrainandnon-linearstiffness3.Effectivestresstriaxialtesting4.Numericalanalysis5.Centrifugemodeling6.Effectsofstructureandfabric7.ResidualstrengthinOCsoil8.Partiallysaturatedsoils9.Effectivestressanalysisofslopesandretainingstructures10.FieldmeasurementsattheBRESITUATIONATTHEBEGINNINGOFTHENEWMILLENNIUMSCOPEOFGEOTECHNOLOGYGeotechnicalengineeringGeologyandengineeringgeologyGeophysicsGeochemistryGeohydrologySeismologyCivilengineeringMiningandmineralengineeringPetroleumengineeringInformationscienceandtechnologyPROJECTSANDPROBLEMSFoundationsforstructuresofalltypesTransportationinfrastructure(roads,airfields,rail,portsandharbors,underground)LandreclamationSeismicsafety–mitigationofseismicriskResourcerecoveryEnergyPreservationandrestorationofoldstructuresTOWEROFPISAIN1957(Speaker’sgreenautomobileforscale)PROJECTSANDPROBLEMS(cont.)WastedisposalandcontainmentSiteremediationandenvironmentalenhancementSoilandrockasconstructionmaterialsDeepOcean,ColdRegions,SpaceNaturalhazardprotectionandriskreduction(landslides,tornadoes,hurricanes,tsunamis,expansivesoils,floods)NEWTECHNOLOGIESANDMATERIALSEarthreinforcementDeepsoilmixingJetgroutingCompactiongroutingGeosyntheticsNEWTECHNOLOGIESANDMATERIALS(Cont.)Micro-pilesMicro-tunnelsGeocompositesGeophysicalmethodsINVASIVENESSOFMEASUREMENTS•Satellites,Aircraft•Helicopter•Walkonground•Disturbance,1m•Disturbance,100m•Remotesensing,photo•Remotesensing,electromagneticmagnetic•Magnetics,gravity,GPR,conductivity•Seismic,resistivity,sampling:geochemical,biological,soil•Penetrometers;boreholesandsamples,downholemeasurements,tomographyINCREASINGINVASIVENESSAPPLICATIONSOFNON-INVASIVEMETHODSCharacterizationofsubsurfacefor:-wastedisposal,containment,remediation-infrastructureconstructionLocating:-voids-resources-undergroundutilities-buriedlandminesandunexplodedordnanceMonitoring:-groundmovements-infrastructuredecayArcheologicalorforensicinvestigationsSearchandrescueNEWREALITIESOFENGINEERINGPRACTICEANDCONSTRUCTIONPublicparticipationRegulatoryandLegalissuesHealthandSafetyDecisionandriskanalysisDesign-BuildreplacingDesign-Bid-BuildQuestionablebenefit/costStrugglingeconomiesPoorlydefinedgoalsPREDICTINGTHEFUTURE“Predictionsareverydifficult–especiallyaboutthefuture”(NeilsBohr)“Heavierthanairflyingmachinesareimpossible.”(LordKelvin,1895)“Ithinkthereisaworldmarketformaybefivecomputers”(ThomasWatson,ChairmanofIBM,1943)“Wedon’tliketheirsound,andguitarmusicisonthewayout.”(DeccaRecordsrejectionoftheBeatles,1962)“640Koughttobeenoughforanybody”(BillGates,1981)SOMEKNOWLEDGENEEDSLiquefactionandpredictingitsconsequencesEvaluationofimprovedgroundPredictionofdeformationsDealingwithDifficultDirtFoundati