key-to-questions-of-Division-4

Divisionfour:RenaissanceandReformation文艺复兴与宗教改革1.WhatmadeItalythebirthplaceoftheRenaissance?Becauseofitsgeographicalposition,foreigntradedevelopedearlyinItaly.ThisbroughtItalyintocontactwithotherculturesandgaverisetourbaneconomyandhelpedItalyaccumulatewealthwhichwasanessentialfactorforthefloweringofartandliterature.Fortwocenturiesbeginningfromthelate15thcentury,Florencewasthegoldencitywhichgavebirthtoawholegenerationofpoets,scholars,artistsandsculptors.TherewasinFlorencearevivalofinterestinclassicallearningandrisingofhumanistideas.Andtospreadthenewideas,librariesandacademieswerefounded.Inthe15thcenturyprintingwasinventedandhelpedtospreadhumanistideas.2.Whatarethemainelementsofhumanism?HowaretheseelementsreflectedinartandliteratureduringtheItalianRenaissance?HumanististheessenceofRenaissance.Humanistsinrenaissancebelievedthathumanbeingshadrightstopursuewealthandpleasureandtheyadmiresthebeautyofhumanbody.Thisbeliefrancountertothemedievalasceticalideaofpovertyandstoicism,andshiftedman’sinterestfromChristianitytohumanity,fromreligiontophilosophy,fromheaventoearth,fromthebeautyofGodtothebeautyofhumaninallitsjoy,sensesandfeeling.ThephilosophyofhumanismisreflectedintheartandliteratureduringtheItalianRenaissanceintheliteratureworksofBoccaccioandPetrarchandintheartofGiotto,Brunelleschi,Donatello,Giorgione,daVinci,Michelangelo,Raphael,andTitian,etc.Intheirworkstheydidnotstressdeathandotherworldbutcallonmantoliveandworkforthepresent.3.WhydowelookuponPetrarchasthefatherofmodernpoetry?Petrarchwasaprominentfigureofhistime,agreatfigureinItalianliteratureandoneofthegreathumanistsduringtheRenaissance.Hehaswrittennumerouslyrics,sonnetsandcanzonets.Petrarchrejectedmedievalcountryconventionsandsangfortrueloveandearthlyhappinessinhissonnets.LatersonnetsbecameaveryimportantliteraryformofpoetryinEuropeandalotofpoets,suchasShakespeare,Spencer,andMrs.Browning,wereindebtedtohim.Thuswelookuponhimasthefatherofmodernpoetry4.HowdidItalianRenaissanceartandarchitecturebreakawayfrommedievaltraditions?TheItalianRenaissanceartandarchitectureradicallybrokeawayfromthemedievalmethodsofrepresentingthevisibleworld.Comparedwiththelatter,theformerhasthefollowingdistinctfeatures:⑴Artbrokeawayfromthedominationofchurchandartistwhousedtobecraftsmencommissionedbythechurchbecameaseparatestratadoingnobleandcreativeworks;⑵ThemesofpaintingandarchitecturechangedfrompurelycelestialrealmfocusingonthestoriesoftheBible,ofGodandMarytoanappreciationofallaspectsofnatureandman;⑶TheartistsstudiedtheruinsofRomanandGreektemplesandputmanyoftheprinciplesofancientcivilizationintotheirworks;⑷Artistsintroducedintheirworksscientifictheoriesofanatomyandperspective.5.InwhatwaywasDaVinciimportantduringtheRenaissance?LeonadodaVinciwasamanofmanytalents,aRenaissancemaninthetruesenseoftheword.Hewasapainter,asculptor,anarchitect,amusician,anengineer,andascientistallinone.Asanartist,hewasveryimportant.HehaslefttotheworldfamousworkssuchasLastSupperandMonaLisa.Thenhisexcellentuseofcontrastbetweenlightanddarknessshowedhimasanexcellentpainter.Mostimportantofall,daVincihadprofoundunderstandingofart.Inhis5000notebooks,heputdownhisobservationsoflifeandhissketchdrawing.Inhispaintinghestressedtheexpressionofemotionalstates.Hisunderstandingsofartexertedgreatinfluenceuponpaintersofhisowngenerationandgenerationstofollow.Hewasalsoveryimportantinthescienceofmedicine.DuringhislifehedissectedmorethanthirtycorpsesandwasagreatanatomistinItaly.Heplacedartintheserviceofanatomyasasciencebasedonextensiveresearch.6.WhatarethedoctrinesofMartinLuther?WhatwasthesignificanceofthereformationinEuropeancivilization?InReformationbeganin1517,MartinLutherputforththefollowingdoctrines:⑴HerejectedtheabsoluteauthorityoftheRomanCatholicchurchandreplaceitwithabsoluteoftheBible.PeoplecancommunicatewithGoddirectlyinsteadofthroughthechurch;⑵Heopposedthepurchaseofindulgencesandcalledforinstitutionalreformofthechurch;⑶HeadvocatedtranslatingthewholeBibleintovernacularsandmadetheBibleaccessibletoeveryman;⑷Hepreachedloveandidealsofequality,andhewasafighterfordemocracyandnationalism,ahumanistwhohelpedtobuildacompetenteducationalsysteminGermany.TheReformationwassignificantintheEuropeancivilization.BeforeReformation,Europewasessentiallyfeudalandmedieval.Inallaspectsofpolitics,economyandspirit,itwasundertheabsoluteruleoftheRomanCatholicChurchandtheHolyRomanEmpire.ButaftertheReformationthingsweredifferent.Ineducationalandculturalmatters,themonopolyofthechurchwasbroken.Inreligion,ProtestantismbroughtintobeingdifferentformsofChristianitytochallengetheabsoluteruleoftheRomanCatholicChurch.Inlanguage,thedominantpositionofLatinhadtogivewaytothenationallanguagesasaresultofvarioustranslationsofBibleintovernacular.Inspirit,absoluteobediencebecameout-modeandthespiritofquest,debate,wasusheredinbythereformists.Inword,afterthereformationEuropewastotakeanewcourseofdevelopment,ascientificrevolutionwastobeunderwayandcapitalismwastosetinwithitsdynamiceconomicprinciples.7.WhatwasCounter—Reformation?WhoweretheJesuits?Aretheystillactivenow?Thecounterthe