关税与非关税壁垒

tariffnontariffbarriers909171SDPwPttPt=Pw+taIHGCbEcFdABPwPttODSPQQ3Q4Q2Q171PwOQ1PwPtOQ3Q1Q3producer‘ssurplus71ICPwIAPtCAPtPwa71OQ4OQ2Q4Q2consumer’ssurplusHGPwHBPtGBPtPwa+b+c+d+=9271=Q1Q2-Q3Q4=Q1Q3+Q4Q2=71Q3Q4tAEFBc72PwPtPwP'wPt=+t71'wPPbaHIEecFdGCBAtOPwP’wPtDSQ3Q2QQ4Q17272EHFI93Q3Q4Q'wP3Q4AEFBAHIBEFQ3Q4EHIFe171=-+=a-(a+b+c+d)+c=-(b+d)0b+db(productiondistortion)dconsumptiondistortion272=-+=a-(a+b+c+d)+c+e=e-(b+d)e(b+d)e(b+d)XY73TTpwQCYptptpwQQtpwptptCt94ptCtCCtCtCTOptpwQQtCtCTYX73effectiverateofprotectionERP)1.7(%100×−′=jjjjVVVERPjVVjjERPjj′951000500=1000-500=50030%10001+30%=1300=1300-500=8007.1=800-500/500100%=60%30%60%30%30%=1300-5001+30%=1300-650=650=650-500/500100%=30%30%40%=1300-5001+40%=600=600-500/500100%=20%20%(importquota)9674PwOQ1OQ2Q1Q2Q3Q4Q3Q4Q1Q2PwPQOQ3OQ4aa+b+c+d=-=a-(a+b+c+d)=-(b+c+d)bdb+dcquotarevenuequotarent97aIHGCbEcFdABPwPQODSPQQ3Q4Q2Q174rent-seeking98exportsubsidy75PwOQ1OQ2Q1Q2sOQ2OQ4PsPwOQ399PwswP′wP′sdaFGQ4Q3Q2Q1HCbEecIABQOPwPsDSP75PsAEPwa+bPsBFPwa+b+c+dQ3Q4sAHIBb+c+d+e=--=(a+b+c+d)-(a+b)-(b+c+d+e)=-(b+d+e)0bde100dumping123persistentdumping(predatorydumping)112376DhMRhDfMRf101PPhPfMCMRfDfQfOMRhDhQh76MRh=MRfMRh=MRf=MC76PhPf2102anti-dumping1000voluntaryexportrestrainVER1031041051234*.5X1X2X3t,2.021=α5.031=α1t2t3X11t1=30%t2=20%t3=10%2t1=30%t2=20%t3=40%3t1=30%t2=50%t3=10%678*.1291020%15000600011106