美国应急管理的发展历程

3,,,,,,,,,,,,,(Mitiga2tion)(Preparedness)(Response)(Recovery),,:,,,,1786,,,,1803,,,18031950,1001905,,,8.3,478,2520,,,1916,,(CivilDefense),:,2030,,,1934,,:,3:()WilliamL.Waugh,Jr.,LivingWithHazards,DealingWithDisasters:AnIntroductiontoEmergencyManagement,M.E.Sharpe,Inc.,2000,p.3.:,,200661,3920071,,(FBI),,,1941,,441000,,,,18111812187318891900190619271938,,,,,,,,,,:1947,,,,1949,,,,,1950,,,,19511,,1950,1958,,2050,,,1953,,,,:,,,:1954,(Hazel);1955,(Diana);1957,(Audrey)2060,:1960,7.3;,(Donna);1961,(Carla)F1961,,01RutherfordH.Platt,DisastersandDemocracy:ThePoliticsofExtremeNaturalEvents,FirstPublishedbyIslandPress,1999,p.9.1968,:,,,,1962,2060:1962,(AshWednesday)620,3;1964,9.2,,123;19651969,(Betsey)(Camille),,,,1968,,,2070,,,,1971,,,19731975,1974,1977,,1979,,,5:,;,;1974,;,,,100,,,,,,1977,,,1978,1978:,;,:;,,,,,2070,,1979,(FEMA),,,1120071,:,,,;,,,,,(IEMS),,,:FEMA,:1;2,FEMA,;,FEMA231982,OFEMA,FEMA,,FEMA,,,1984,::1,;2,;3,FEMA10,,FEMA,,,208090,,,,CNN,1989,FEMA9,(Hugo),,85,150FEMA,,(LomaPrieta),,,,1992,,(Iniki)FE2MA,,,,FEMA,FEMA1993,:,,::,36:1FEMA?2?3FEMA?4?5FEMA?6FEMA?,321JohnDowling,FEMA:Programs,Problems,andAccomplish2ments,fromCivilDefense:AChoiceofDisaster,AmericanInstituteofPhysicseditedbyJonDowlingandEvansM.Harrell,1987,p.33.RichardT.Sylves,FermentatFEMA:ReformingEmergencyManagement,PublicAdministrationReview,May/June1994,Vol.54,No.3,p.303.FEMA,FEMA,FEMA,:,,;,,FEMA;,FEMA;,;,FEMA,;,;,FEMA,FEMA,FEMA:,,;,,FEMA,:;FEMA,;;;;,FEMA1993,9;1994,(Northridge)FEMA,,,,FEMA,,:,,:,,,,,,2090,FEMA,,,,,911911911,200110,;200211,;2003125,,22,,FEMA,FEMA,FEMA,,,3120071AronSchroederandGaryWamsley,etc.,TheEvolutionofE2mergencyManagementinAmerican:FromaPainfulPasttoaPromisingbutUncertainFuture,fromHandbookofCrisisandEmergencyManage2ment,EditedbyAliFarazmand,MarcelDekker,Inc.,2001,p.394.R.StevenDanielsandCarolynL.Clark-Daniels,Transfor2mingGovernment:TheRenewalandRevitalizationoftheFederalEmer2gencyManagementAgency,fromTheFederalEmergencyManagementA2gency(FEMA)EditedbyC.V.Anderson,NovaSciencePublishers,Inc.,2002,pp.8384.,,2005,,1000,911,:,22,,,,FEMA,,,,,,,,,,:,,;,,,;,FEMA,,WilliamL.Waugh,Jr.,ThePoliticalCostsofFailureintheKatrinaandRitaDisasters,AnnalsoftheAmericanAcademyofPoliticalandSocialSocience,March2006,p.17.WilliamL.Waugh,Jr.,Preface,AnnalsoftheAmericanA2cademyofPoliticalandSocialSocience,March2006,p.6.(6)85%,,,,1650994,(724,),()IMF,2005,,9085,74.9%;,7477,45.5%;,24061831,17.6%,78.8%,,20052058,199520002004130.7%123.2%5.2%,30.5%()IMF,200596278017,70.4%48.8%,199520002004806.5%132.2%26.9%;1999304.1%,2004132.2%,20051939459249,,,,20051301,199518.5%41