语言学

Exercise8I.Fillineachblankbelowwithonewordwhichbeginswiththelettergiven:•1.Pragmatics___isthestudyofhowspeakersofalanguageusesentencestoeffectsuccessfulcommunication.•2.Whatessentiallydistinguishessemantics____andpragmaticsiswhetherinthestudyofmeaningthecontextofuseisconsidered.•3.Thenotionofcontext____isessentialtothepragmaticstudyoflanguage.•4.Ifwethinkofasentenceaswhatpeopleactuallyutterinthecourseofcommunication,itbecomesanutterance_____.5.Themeaningofasentenceisabstract,anddecontextualized.6.Constatives（表述句）werestatementsthateitherstateordescribe,andwerethusverifiable.7.Performatives（施为句）weresentencesthatdidnotstateafactordescribeastate,andwerenotverifiable.8.Alocutionary（发话的）actistheactofutteringwords,phrases,clauses.Itistheactofconveyingliteralmeaningbymeansofsyntax,lexiconandphonology.9.Anillocutionary（行事的）actistheactofexpressingthespeaker’sintention;itistheactperformedinsayingsomething.•10.Acommissive____istocommitthespeakerhimselftosomefuturecourseofaction.•11.Anexpressive____istoexpressfeelingsorattitudetowardsanexistingstate.•12.TherearefourmaximsundertheCooperativePrinciple:themaximofquantity____,themaximofquality,themaximofrelationandthemaximofmanner.13.Inmakingconversation,thegeneralprinciplethatallparticipantsareexpectedtoobserveiscalledthe_CooperativePrincipleproposedbyGrice.14.Whilethemeaningofasentenceisabstractanddecontextualized,thatofan_utteranceisconcreteandcontext-dependent.15.A__perlocutionary（取效的）actistheactperformedbyorresultingfromsayingsomething.16._Directives（指示句）areattemptsbythespeakertogetthehearertodosomething.17.Alltheactsthatbelongtothesamecategorysharethesamepurposeorthesame__illocutionarypoint,buttheydifferintheirstrengthorforce.18.TheideaofPaulGriceisthatinmakingconversation,theparticipantsmustfirstofallbewillingto_cooperate;;otherwiseitwouldbeimpossibleforthemtogoonwiththetalk.Thegeneralprincipleiscalledthe__CooperativePrinciple___.19.Themaximofrelationrequiresthatwhattheconversationparticipantssaymustbe__relevantIII.Choosethebestanswer.•20._C____foundthatnaturallanguagehaditsownlogicandconcludetheCooperativePrinciple.A.JohnAustinB.JohnFirthC.PaulGriceD.WilliamJames•21.Thebranchoflinguisticsthatstudieshowcontextinfluencesthewayspeakersinterpretsentencesiscalled__B___.A.semanticsB.pragmaticsC.sociolinguisticsD.psycholinguistics•22._B____proposedthatspeechactscanbeanalyzedonthreelevels.A.AustinB.SearleC.SapirD.Chomsky•23.Promising,undertaking,vowingarethemosttypicalofthe_C____.A.declarationsB.directivesC.commissivesD.expressives•24.Theillocutionarypoint（言外之意）ofthe___B__istoexpressthepsychologicalstatespecifiedintheutterance.A.declarationsB.expressivesC.commissivesD.directives•25.Y'sutteranceinthefollowingconversationexchangeviolatesthemaximof____C_.-X:Whowasthatyouwerewithlastnight?-Y:Didyouknowthatyouwerewearingoddsocks?A.qualityB.QuantityC.relationD.manner•26.Theviolationofoneormoreoftheconversational_D____(oftheCP)can,whenthelistenerfollyunderstandsthespeaker,createconversationalimplicature,andhumorsometimes.A.standardsB.PrinciplesC.levelsD.maxims•27.MostoftheviolationsofthemaximsoftheCPgiveriseto__D___.A.breakdownofconversationB.confusionofone'sintentionC.hostilitybetweenspeakersandthelistenersD.conversationalimplicatures•28.SpeechActTheorywasproposedby__B___.A.SaussureB.AustinC.ChomskyD.Grimm•29.Themaximofquantityrequires:__D___.A.contributeasinformativeasrequiredB.donotcontributemorethanisrequiredC.donotsaywhathaslittleevidenceD.bothAandB•30.AccordingtoSearle,thoseillocutionaryactswhosepointistocommitthespeakertosomefuturecourseofactionarecalled__A___.A.commissivesB.directivesC.expressivesD.declaratives•31.__A___doesnotstudymeaninginisolation,butincontext.A.PragmaticsB.SemanticsC.SenserelationD.Concept•32.Themeaningoflanguagewasconsideredassomething__C___intraditionalsemantics.A.contextualB.behaviouristicC.intrinsicD.logical•33.WhatessentiallydistinguishessemanticsandpragmaticsiswhetherinthestudyofmeaningD_____isconsidered.A.referenceB.speechactC.practicalusageD.context•34.Asentenceisa__B___concept,andthemeaningofasentenceisoftenstudiedinisolation.A.pragmaticB.grammaticalC.mentalD.conceptual•35.Ifwethinkofasentenceaswhatpeopleactuallyutterinthecourseofcommunication,itbecomesa(n)_C____.A.constativeB.directiveC.utteranceD.expressive•36.Whichofthefollowingistrue?BA.Utterancesusuallydonottaketheformofsentences.B.Someutterancescannotberestoredtocompletesentences.C.Noutterancescantaketheformofsentences.D.Allutterancescanberestoredtocompletesentences.•37.Speechacttheorydidnotcomeintobeinguntil____A_.A.inthelate50’softhe20thcenturyB.inthemiddleof60’softhe20thcenturyC.inthelate1960’softhe20thcenturyD.intheearly21stcentury.•38.__C___istheactperformedbyorresultingfromsayingsomething;itistheconsequenceof,orthechangebroughtaboutbytheutterance.A.AlocutionaryactB.AnillocutionaryactC.AperlocutionaryactD.Aperformativeact•39.Alltheactsthatbelongtothesamecategorysharethesamepurpose,buttheydiffer_C____.A.intheirillocutionaryactsB.intheirintentionsexpressedC.intheirstrengthorforceD.int