英语教法发展及分类

EnglishLanguageTeachingMethodologyThemethodconceptinlanguageteaching:thenotionofasystematicsetofteachingpracticesbasedonaparticulartheoryoflanguageandlanguagelearningELTMethodology:Itmainlystudiesthefundamentaltenets,basicprinciples,commonmethods,practicaltechniquesandpopularmeansofELT.Methodologyisthatwhichlinkstheoryandpractice．Theorystatementswouldincludetheoriesofwhatlanguageisandhowlanguageislearnedor，morespecifically，theoriesofforeignlanguage/secondlanguageacquisition（SLA）．Suchtheoriesarelinkedtovariousdesignfeaturesoflanguageinstruction．Thesedesignfeaturesmightincludestatedobjectives，syllabusspecifications，typesofactivities，rolesofteachers，learners，materials，andsoforth．Designfeaturesinturnarelinkedtoactualteachingandlearningpracticesasobservedintheenvironmentswherelanguageteachingandlearningtakeplace．PracticeandTheory1.ELTPractice2.ELTMethodology3.ELTPractice4.ELTMethodologyUnit1LanguageandLearningI.Howdowelearnlanguages?1)Howdowelearnourownlanguage?LanguageacquisitionLanguagelearningLanguageacquisition:theprocesswherealanguageisacquiredasaresultofnaturalandlargelyrandomexposuretolanguage.(asubconsciousprocess)Krashendescribesthisprocessasa‘natural’one,wherethereisno‘consciousfocusingonlinguisticforms.Accordingtohisargument,acquisitionreferstothewaychildrenlearntheirnativelanguage.Languagelearning:theprocesswheretheexposuretolanguageisstructuredthroughlanguageteaching.Learningisaconsciousprocess,anditusuallytakesplaceinthelanguageclassroom.ItemsofcomparisonLearningacquisitionProcessConsciousExplicit(显性的）unconscious/subconsciousimplicit（隐性的）FocusFormsmeaningInputSelectednaturalEmphasisAccuracyfluencySettingformal/controlledinformal/natural2)Howdowelearnforeignlanguage?(1)Peoplelearnlanguagefordifferentreasons.(2)Peoplelearnlanguageindifferentways.(3)Peoplehavedifferentunderstandingaboutlanguagelearning.(4)Peoplehavedifferentcapabilitiesinlanguagelearning.1)Whatislanguage?II.Viewsonlanguage.Languageisasystemofstructures:structurallearning,formalinstructionofgrammaticalstructures.Languageisameansofcommunication:instructionfocusedonthefunctionsandnotionsoflanguage;learningthroughusing.Languageisthereflectionofcultures:instructiononculturesandfocusonappropriatenessofspeech.ViewsLanguageLanguagelearningStructuralalinguisticsystemtolearnthesestructuralitemsFunctionalalinguisticsystem,meansfordoingthingstoknowhowtocombinethegrammaticalrulesandthevocabularytoexpressnotionsthatperformthefunctions.Interactionalacommunicativetoolnotonlytoknowthegrammarandvocabularyofthelanguage,butalsotoknowtherulesforusingtheminawholerangeofcommunicativecontext.StructuralView:Itseeslanguageasalinguisticsystemmadeupofvarioussubsystem:fromphonological,morphological,lexical,etc.tosentence.Eachlanguagehasafinitenumberofsuchstructuralitems.Tolearnalanguagemeanstolearnthesestructuralitemssoastobeabletounderstandandproducelanguage.FunctionalView:Itseeslanguageasalinguisticsystembutalsoasameansfordoingthings.Mostofourday-to-daylanguageuseinvolvesfunctionalactivities:offering,suggesting,advising,apologizing,etc.Therefore,learnerslearnalanguageinordertodothingswithit.Toperformfunctions,learnersneedtoknowhowtocombinethegrammaticalrulesandthevocabularytoexpressnotionsthatperformthefunctions.InteractionalView:Itconsiderlanguageasacommunicativetool,whosemainuseistobuildupandmaintainsocialrelationsbetweenpeople.Therefore,learnersnotonlyneedtoknowthegrammarandvocabularyofthelanguage,butalsoneedtoknowtherulesforusingtheminawholerangeofcommunicativecontext.III.Viewsonlanguagelearning1)Whatarethepsycholinguisticandcognitiveprocessinvolvedinlanguagelearning?2)Whataretheconditionsthatneedtobemetinorderfortheselearningprocesstobeactivated?Process-orientedtheoriesareconcernedwithhowthemindprocessesnewinformation,suchashabitformation,induction,makinginference,hypothesistestingandgeneralization.Condition-orientedtheoriesemphasizethenatureofthehumanandphysicalcontextinwhichlanguagelearningtakesplace,suchasthenumberofstudents,whatkindofinputlearnersreceive,andthelearningatmosphere.Behaviouristtheory(行为主义学习理论）ProposedbybehaviouralpsychologistSkinner,whoappliedthetheoryofconditioningtothewayhumansacquirelanguage.Languageisalsoaformofbehaviour.Itcanbelearnedthesamewayasananimalistrainedtorespondtostimuli.---learningashabitformationThekeypointofthetheoryofconditioning“Youcantrainaanimaltodoanything(withinreason)Ifyoufollowacertainprocedurewhichhasthreemajorstages,stimulus,response,andreinforcement”.Oneinfluentialresultistheaudio-lingualmethod（听说,whichinvolvesthe“listenandrepeat”drillingactivities.Theideaofthismethodisthatlanguageislearnedbyconstantrepetionandthereinforcementoftheteacher.Mistakesareimmediatelycorrected,andcorrectutterancesareimmediatelypraisedCognitivetheory(认知主义学习理论）Thetermcognitivismisoftenusedtodescribemethodinwhichstudentsareaskedtothinkratherthansimplyrepeat.Ifalllanguageisalearnedbehaviour,howcanachildproduceasentencethathasneverbeensaidbyothersbefore?AccordingtoChomsky’stheory,languageisnotaformofbehaviour,itisanintricaterule-basedsyst