张汉熙高级英语2修辞讲解

SimileAfigureofspeechinwhichonethingislikenedtoanother,insuchawayastoclarifyandenhanceanimage.Itisexplicitcomparison(asopposedtothemetaphorwherecomparisonisimplicit)recognizablebytheuseofwords“like”or“as”.明喻把要描述的事物—本体(A)用比喻词与另一种具有鲜明的同一特征的事物—喻体(B)联系起来。simile常用的比喻词有as(如),like(像),seem(似乎),asif(好像),asthough(好像),suchas(像……一样)等.1....noonehasanyideawhereitwillgoasitmeandersorleapsandsparklesorjustglows.2.TheElizabethansblewonitasonadandelionclock,anditsseedsmultiplied,andfloatedtotheendsoftheearth.3.Longlinesofwomen,bentdoublelikeinvertedcapitalLs...Metaphor（暗喻）Afigureofspeechcontaininganimpliedcomparison,inwhichawordorphraseordinarilyandprimarilyusedofonethingisappliedtoanother.汉译名为“隐喻”或“暗喻”，也是一种比喻，它不用比喻词，直接把甲事物(喻体)当作乙事物(本体)来描述，其比喻关系隐含在句意中，从而更生动、更深刻地说明事理，增强语言的表现力。与simile相比较，metaphor不但不需要as,like之类的比喻词，有时甚至可以连本体也不出现。metaphor1.Thefactthattheirmarriagesmaybeontherocks,orthattheirloveaffairshavebeenbrokenoreventhattheygotoutofbedonthewrongsideissimplynotaconcern.2.Theglowoftheconversationburstintoflames.3.Andifabeachheadofcooperationmaypushbackthejungleofsuspicion...Personification:Thepersonificationorembodimentofsomequalityorabstraction;theattributionofhumanqualitiestoinanimateobjects.(DLT)Afigureofspeechinwhichathing,quality,orideaisrepresentedasaperson.(WNWD)Personification(拟人)是把物当作人来描写的一种修辞方法，具体用法是把通常仅用于描写人的各类词语用于描写物，赋予各种“物”(包括有生命的和无生命的、抽象的和具体的）以人类特有的言行或思想感情，变无灵为有灵。借此表现作者的思想感情，增强语言的感染力和生动性，使表现对象栩栩如生，活灵活现，并使其特征更为突出感人。Personification可用于描写人以外的各种事物,包括动物、植物、自然现象、抽象的事物等等。尤其在寓言、童话、诗歌、散文等文学作品中常见。1.NatureconstantlyyieldstomaninNewYork:witnessthosefragilesidewalkstreesgamelystrugglingagainstencroachingcementandpetrolfumes.2.Characteristically,thecityswallowsuptheUnitedNationsandrefusestotakeitseriously,regardingitasanunworkablemixtureoftheidealistic,theimpractical,andthehypocritical.Transferredepithet（移就）Afigureofspeechinwhichtheepithetistransferredfromtheappropriatenountomodifyanothertowhichitdoesnotreallybelong.特点：把本应该用来描述甲事物性质状态的定语用去形容乙事物，而乙事物却根本不具备这种性质或功能。1.Instantly,fromthedarkholesallround,therewasafrenziedrushofJews...2.Thecondescendingviewfromthefiftiethfloorofthecity’scrowdsbelowcutsthesepeopleofffromhumanity.3.Shehasexpensivetastesinclothessynecdoche（提喻）Afigureofspeechinwhichapartisusedforawhole,anindividualforaclass,amaterialforthing,orreverseofanyofthese.(Webster’sNewWorldDictionary)以部分来代替整体，单个代替类别，具体代替抽象，反之亦然。使用synecdoche可以使语言富于新鲜感，变换一个说法，也可以使语言生动活泼。1.Still,awhiteskinisalwaysfairlyconspicuous.2.Hemanagestoearnhisbread.3.Somuchofwell-to-doAmericanowlivesantisepticallyinenclaves,tranquilandluxurious,thatshutouttheworld.Metonymy(转喻；借代)Definition:Afigureofspeechthatconsistsinusingthenameofonethingforthatofsomethingelsewithwhichitisassociated;or,afigureofspeechwhichconsistsinsubstitutingforthenameofathingthenameofanattributeofitorofsomethingcloselyrelated.“不直接说出要说的人或事物的本来名称，而借用和该人或该事物密切相关的词去代替。”senecdoche(提喻)andmetonymy(转喻)转喻强调的是两者之间的相互依存关系，即由一事物很快就联想到另一事物，但提喻侧重于两者间的相互隶属关系，即整体和部分的关系。1.Thesedefectswoulddisappearifonlycreativeartwereallowedtoshowthewaytobetterthings,butsincethecountrywasblindanddeaftoeverythingsavetheglintandring（转喻，指代金钱的魅力）ofthedollar,therewaslittleremedyforthesensitivemind（提喻，指代artists）buttoemigratetoEuropewhere‖theydothingsbetter.2.Afterthewar,itwasonlynaturalthathopefulyoungwriters,theirmindsandpens(用与写作有关的东西指代写作)inflamedagainstwar,Babbittry,andPuritanical‖gentility,shouldflocktothetraditionalartisticcenter(wherelivingwasstillcheapin1919)topourouttheirnew-foundcreativestrength,toteardowntheoldworld,tofloutthemoralityoftheirgrandfathers(指老一辈，部分代整体),andtogivealltoart,love,andsensation.明抑暗扬的Understatement(低调陈述)Definition:afigureofspeechwhichcontainsanunderstatementofemphasis,andthereforetheoppositeofhyperbole.Oftenusedineverydayspeechandusuallywithlaconicorironicintentions.Understatement:astatementthatisnotstrongenoughtoexpressfactsorfeelingswithfullforce.使用分量不足或低调的词语即从事物大小、力量强弱和结果好坏的角度，故意减少或缩小事物的重要性，以弱说代替强说。句中常常用akindof,something,scarcely,hardly,almost,rather,sort/kindof以及形容词或副词的比较级等表示评价的审慎、强度的削弱。Thisloomedasaprojectofnosmalldimensions,andatfirstIwastemptedtogiveherbacktoPetey.相映相衬的Antithesis(对照)Definition:Fundamentally,contrastingideassharpenedbytheuseofoppositeornoticeablydifferentmeanings.------ADictionaryofLiteraryTermsTherhetoricalopposingorcontrastingofideasbymeansofgrammaticallyparalleledarrangementsofwords,clauses,orsentences…这是一种将结构相同或基本相同，意义完全相反的语句排列在一起。1.United,thereislittlewecannotdoinahostofco-operativeventures.Divided,thereislittlewecando,forwedarenotmeetapowerfulchallengeatoddsandsplitasunder.2.Itis,afterall,easiertomakeabeautifuldumbgirlsmartthantomakeanuglysmartgirlbeautiful.3.Backandforthhisheadswiveled,desirewaxing,resolutionwaningEuphemism（委婉语）Definition:Afigureofspeechinwhichsomethingofanunpleasant,distressing,orindelicatenatureisdescribedinlessoffensiveterms,asintheexpression“undertheweather”for“ill”or“passedaway”for“died”.指的是以文雅的、悦耳的或婉转的说法来代替粗野的、刺耳的或直露的说法。借助语音、语法、词汇以及其他手段，得体地表达生活中那些使人尴尬、惹人不快、招人厌恶或令人恐怖的事情。它的主要修辞效果是在语言上减少刺激性和敏感性，从而起到一种缓冲作用。1.Thedefeatedarenothiddenawaysomewheree