食品速冻技术与冷链发展状况

食品速冻技术与冷链发展状况年人均消费水平0102030405060kg美国丹麦英国瑞典法国日本中国台湾上海冷冻产品状况肉类面食水产品果蔬冷饮易腐食品低温运输状况0102030405060708090100冷藏运输公路铁路发达国家中国易腐食品低温贮藏状况530261706.80100200300400500600低温库高温库全国上海易腐食品低温贮藏状况（上海）0510152025303550607080902000年代库容量（万吨）冻结速度对食品质量的影响冻结与解冻过程特点特点冻结解冻热导率W·(m·K)-12.20.5比热容kJ·(kg·K)-12.14.2食品与介质的温差可充分低不可充分高溶质对冻结与蒸发温度的影响稀溶液中水的蒸气压比纯水蒸气压低sxppp水溶液水在压力相同条件下，稀溶液中水的沸点高于纯水的沸点。sxKTT＝水溶液在压力相同条件下，稀溶液中水的冰点低于纯水的冰点。sxKTT＝溶液水研究热点问题速冻食品的质量问题超高压速冻技术快速冷冻技术部分玻璃化技术介电解冻技术实现上述技术的装备冷链建设与工艺管理问题螺旋速冻机螺旋速冻机单体流化速冻机单体流化速冻机低温介质速冻机低温介质速冻机低温介质速冻机隧道式速冻机氢与电负性很强，且具有独立电子对、原子半径又较小的原子可形成氢键（如氮、氟）部分玻璃化技术部分玻璃化技术冷冻稳定剂较高的T'g冷冻保护剂较强保水性常用添加剂对粘度影响玻璃态热力学特征果蔬田间热与呼吸热TherespirationrateandtheproductionofCO2dependsmainlyonthestoragetemperature风冷风冷负压风冷水冷水冷水冷冰冷蒸发冷却Strawpackinghouse真空冷却真空冷却装货移动式真空冷却设备Forced-AirHydroIceVacuumTypicalcoolingtime(hr)1-100.1-10.1-0.30.3-220-100Waterloss(%)0.1-20-0.5Nodata2-40.1-2Watercontactnoyesyes,unlessbaggednonoPotentialfordecaycontaminationlowhighlownonelowCapitalcostlowlowhighmediumlowEnergycostlowmediummediumhighlowWater-resistantpackagingneedednoyesyesnonoPortablesometimesrarelydonecommoncommonnoFeasibilityofin-linecoolingrarelydoneyesrarelydonecommonnoRoomComparisonofProduceEffectsandCostsforCommonCoolingMethods风冷运输风冷运输低温运输国外应用示例Productarrivesfromthefieldonlinetrucks.Someisthencooledbyicingandsomeisvacucooled.Vacuumcoolinginvolvesplacingcartonsofproduceinachamberwheretheatmosphericpressureislowered.国外应用示例Thiscausestheboilingpointofwatertodropanditisboiledoff.Coldwaterissimultaneouslyaddedtothecartonssotheproductemergescoldandundamaged.Regularicinginvolvespackingeachcartonofproducewithice.At25poundspercarton,weusetons!国外应用示例BonipakProduceCompanycanmanufacture300tonsoficeeachdayandwecanstore400tons.Whenlargequantitiesofproductcomeintothecooleroverashortperiod,wecooltheproduceinourAirTunnels.Wehave8tunnels,whichhold14palletsofproduceeach.Thecartonsarecoveredwithatarpandcoldairisthenforcedthroughtheholesinthecartons.国外应用示例Overaperiodofhours,theproduceisslowlycooledtothedesiredtemperature.Thermometersconstantlymonitortheprocesssotheproductisnotovercooled.Bye-Bye