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128第六部分写作第一章短文写作题型按照考试大纲,写作题型可分为按所给标题和提纲进行写作、看图作文、描述图表和写内容提要等。下面我们分别介绍这些题型的写作方法及注意事项。1.提纲作文本考试中,提纲作文一般分为二类:无提纲型标题作文和有提纲型标题作文。(1)无提纲型标题作文无提纲型标题作文只给出题目,要求考生根据所给的题目,运用恰当的文体,写出切题、流畅、无重大语法错误的文章,如TheGreatestInventioninthePastCentury便是。由于无提纲型的标题作文只提供题目,因此,对题目的审视显得尤为重要。如果审题不清,就不知写作的内容和方法,也就无从下笔。无提纲型作文的写作应注意审题、立意和选材,具体步骤如下:A.仔细分析题意,搞清题目涉及的范围,确定文章的中心思想,切忌跑题。B.选择正确的文体。有时一个题目能用几种文体来写,这时应看所给的题目所涉及的内容更适合用哪一种文体。C.选择典型材料,拟定合适的提纲。D.按照提纲精心写作,在写作中避免使用生僻、不贴切的词语。试看下列作文的写作过程分析:Sample14作文题目是:TheGreatestInventioninthePastCentury首先应对题目进行审视,找出题目的主题及其限定范围。显然,作文的主题应该是Thegreatestinventioninthepastcentury,而与此有关的内容却很多,如计算机、电视、电影、网络等等,似乎可写的东西很多。这时应该注意如何集中精力考虑Thegreatestinventionamongallthegreatinventionsthathumanbeingsevermadeinthelastcentury这个具体的思维范围。第1步是罗列出能想得出的重要发明来;第2步是说出为什么你选定的那一项是Thegreatestinvention,需要罗列出几条理由来。第3步就应当是如何突出你选定的那项最伟大的发明为人类社会带来的重大变化及其对未来社会发展的重大意义。最终要写出一个发人深思的结尾来。根据这些思路,拟出段首句,列出写作提纲;然后根据这些框架,写出草稿,同时注意时态、语态这些方面是否正确,句子是否连贯等等。TheGreatestInventioninthePastCenturyIfasked,manypeoplewillagreethatthecomputerisdefinitelythegreatestinventionofthepastcentury.Ithasnotonlycompletelytransformedourlives,butithasbecomeanindispensableparttooureverydaylives.ThereasonwhyIthinkthecomputeristhegreatestinventionisthatourliveswouldbedifferentwithoutit.Manypeoplenowadaystakecomputersforgranted.Let'strytoimagineonedaywithoutthecomputer.Youwon'tbeabletodrawmoneyoutfromthebank.Thecashregisteratanygrocerystorewon'twork.Youcan'ttravelbecauseallthetrafficarecontrolledthroughacomputer.Youcannotsendanemail,ofcourse,youcannotgoonline...Ithinknowperhapsyouhaverealizedtheimportanceofthecomputer.Althoughtheinventionofthecomputerhasbroughtusmanyconveniences,computersarestillbeingdeveloped.Ibelieveitwillbenefitusmoreinthefuture.(2)有提纲型标题作文129有提纲型标题作文,即试题同时给出作文题目和写作提纲,要求考生按照提纲的内容进行阐述、解释或说明,将其扩写成一篇文章。所给提纲或是中文提纲,或是英文提纲。这类作文主要测试考生能否按所限定的条件,有机地组织材料,写出内容充实、文理通顺的文章。写好有提纲作文的关键自然是要扣紧提纲进行写作。具体写作步骤如下:A.首先分析题意,确定中心思想,准确理解题目的主旨。B.审提纲。把握提纲所列的关键项目,并以此归纳出文章题目的涵义范围,确定文章的中心思想,切忌跑题。C.列小提纲。根据所给提纲各条目的关键词,筛选排列各自所需材料。D.选择正确的文体。E.内容要写全,切勿漏掉提纲中的任何一点。而且要注意采用恰当的语言手段,使段与段之间的承接要自然。试看下列作文的写作过程分析:Sample15作文题目为:TheReformofOurHigherEducationShouldBeGearedtotheNeedsoftheNewCenturyOutline:A.TheparticularsituationwithChina'seducation:largepopulationandsharpdisparitybetweendifferentregions;B.Challengesofthenewcenturybothathomeandabroad;C.Yoursuggestionsonhowtoimproveandreformoureducation,especially,thehighereducation.这是一个带英语提纲的作文,这个提纲的三个项目就为考生明确了三个方面的主要写作内容。然后可以进一步列出更详细的提纲如下:Theme:OurHigherEducationShouldBeGearedtotheNeedsoftheNewCentury1)ThechallengesfacedbyChinainthenewcenturyA.LargepopulationandsmallnumberofqualifiedtalentsB.Thebackwardsituationinscienceandtechnology2)ThepresentunsatisfyingsituationofourhighereducationA.ShortofenoughqualifiedtalentsinthewholecountryB.Lackofhighqualityuniversities3)MeasurestobetakenorsuggestionstobemadeA.TheneedforfinancialsupportforthefastdevelopmentofoureducationB.TheneedtoimprovetheworkingconditionsoftheteachersC.Theneedtoreformtheeducationalmanagementsystems4)WaystoputthereformmeasuresintopracticeA.Cooperationtobemadebythegovernment,theuniversitiesandthestudents'familiesB.Learningfromtheadvancedcountries5)ExpectationstobeachievedA.TheprosperityoftheeducationB.EnoughtalentedpeopletobetrainedC.BetteradministrativeandmanagementsystemD.Betterqualifiedteachingfacultyandstaff详细提纲列出以后,具体实现时,尚需在重点发挥和要点取舍上适当控制,以便使最后写出的文章内容切题,各段之间适度平衡,全文中心突出,结尾给人印象深刻。如下面根据上述提纲所写出的有关探讨我国教育改革的短文。130TheadventofthenewcenturyhasbroughtaboutenormouschallengestoChina'shighereducation.Amongthemany,thebiggestoneisthegapbetweenadvancedcountriesandoursinscaleandquality.Itissuchagapthathindersusnottobeabletosatisfytheneedforourfastgrowingproductionandthescientificresearch.Afarmorechallengeisthelackofenoughmoneyforthefurtherdevelopmentinvestment.Tomeetthechallengesandreformeducationmorefruitfully,Ithink,firstofall,weneedmoreinvestment.Thisproblemcanbesolvedinacomprehensiveway.Forexample,jointeffortsshouldbemadebythestate,thestudents'familiesandtheuniversitiesthemselves.Anotherwayistoraisetheeducationandresearchqualitybyestablishingacloselycooperativeeducationalsystemwithothercountries.Thirdly,teachers'workingandlivingconditionsshouldalsobeimproved.WithsucheffectivemeasuresIbelievemoretalentedpeoplewillbeeagertodedicatethemselvestotheprosperityofoureducationanditsvigorousdevelopment.从以上作文例题我们可以看出,提纲作文的要领是能够把握提纲条目的关键词,由此归纳出文章题目的包含范围。然后,筛选出能充分表达关键词内容所需的材料。2.看图作文看图作文可分为两类:图片作文和图表作文。(1)图片作文图片作文就是通过图画、照片等提供的图像信息写一篇短文。包括叙述一个故事,描述一幅图画情景,或通过一幅或几幅相关的图画说明某个问题或得出某种结论。图片作文要求应试者从图片信息中分辨或综合出作文主题的意义层次,然后按这些层次分段写出作文。看图作文也要注意审题、立意和选材。具体步骤如下:A.看清作文标题和要求。B.仔细观察所给图片,把握每一个细节和情节。C.按时间的先后或原因的主次顺序列出短文提纲。D.根据提纲组织写作,将图片所表达的意思用文字写出来。Sample16ComingBackTriumphantly(凯旋归来)Outline:1.从中国首位从太空胜利返航的宇航员杨利伟的神态中你看出了什么?2.从照片中杨利伟的神态你联想到了什么?3.你认为我们中国人民从这次太空飞船的胜利返航中应当学到什么?ComingBackTriumphantlyLook!OurfirstspacemanYangLiweiiscomingbackandrevealingasmiletothepeoplewhowereflyingtowelcomehimfromthesuccessfulreturning.HissmileisnotanordinaryonebutahistoricaloneinmakingapartofChinesespace-flighthistory.Hissmileshowstheprideofhisownaswell
本文标题:106考博英语写作讲义
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