高考非谓语动词复习之不定式的用法

不定式的用法主动式被动式一般式todotobedone进行式tobedoingtobebeingdone完成式tohavedonetohavebeendone被动形式时态形式不定式的一般式1Iampleasedtoseeyouhere.2Iamexpectingtohearfromyou.3Iwouldlikeyoutostayovertheweekendwithher.不定式的进行式：1Maryseemstobethinkingdeeply.2Thechildrenpretendedtobereadingaloudwhentheteachercamein.3IhappenedtobewatchingTVwhenshecalled.一不定式的时态和语态:(在谓语动词之后或不强调先后)(与谓语动词同时进行)不定式的完成式：1Iamsorrytohavekeptyousolong.2Sheissaidtohavestudiedabroadlastyear.3Theboypretendedtohaveknowntheanswer.不定式的被动式:1Sheaskedtobetreatedequally.2Theradioneedstoberepaired.3Theroomseemstohavebeenbrokeninto.4ThetelephoneisconsideredtohavebeeninventedbyBell.(在谓语动词之前)（与逻辑主语构成被动关系）二不定式的句法功能1不定式作主语ToliveinChinaisMr.Smith'sdream.ItisMr.Smith’sdreamtoliveinChina.Tostoptheworknowseemsimpossible.Itisimpossibletostoptheworknow.2不定式作宾语Ihavedecidedtostudyengineering.HowIwishtohaveanotherdayoff.Shepromisedtocomeatnineo'clock.We’retalkingabouthowtoovercomethepresentdifficulties.注：当不定式后跟宾补时，则用it作形式主语，把不定式后置。think/find/make/feel/consider+it+adj/n+todoE.g..Ithinkitnecessarytomasteraforeignlanguage.Ithinkitessentialtoreserveairtickets.Imakeitaruletodoshadowboxingeverymorning.WeallconsideritourhonortohosttheOlympicGamesinourcountry.3不定式作表语Mygoalistobeascientist.Myonlywishistohaveajobinanoffice.Thepurposeofthemeetingistoelectanewcaptain.Whatstrikememostistoseehimalwaysbusy.Yourassignmentistobehandedintomorrow.4不定式作宾补Parentswanttheirchildrentodevelopfully.Weallexpectyoutocomethisweekend.It’shardtopersuadedadtogiveupsmoking.Weimaginehimtobealiar.Heleftearlywithalotofworktodo.Wesawhimwalkoutoftheschool.Wemadehimrealizehismistakes.V+宾语+todowith+宾语+todo在感官动词和使役动词后省略to5不定式作定语：Heisthefirstguesttoarrive.Iamtheonlymantohearthenews.Youaretherightpersontodothejob.Yourareasuitablepersontobegiventhisjob.Ihavealotofproblemstosolve.Wouldyoulikesomethingtodrink?Pleasegivemesomebookstoread.It’sadifficultquestiontoanswer.注：如果不定式的动词是不及物动词，其后应有必要的介词。e.g.Couldyoulendmeapentowritewith?Mariaisapleasantpersontoworkwith.Jazzisexcitingmusictolistento.6作状语1）作原因状语e.g.I’msorrytohearyouwereill.ShewassurprisedtoseeGeorgewalkin.I’mashamedtohavetotroubleyou.Sheisinterestingtotalkto.用在be+adj.+todo的结构中2)作目的状语e.g.Afriendofminecametoseemelastnight.Tosucceed,onemustfirstofallbelieveinhimself.Inordertokeepwarm,weshutallthewindows.Sheraisedhervoicesoastomakeherselfheard注：todo/inordertodo可放在首，句末；soastodo不能放在句首.3)作结果状语e.g.WhathaveIsaidtomakeyousoangry?Heissokindastohelpmeoutofthetrouble.Thechildisoldenoughtodresshimself.Wehurriedtothestationonlytobetoldthatthetrainhadleft.Thehusbandlefthiswife,nevertoreturn.Heistooselfishtogiveanythingtoothers.固定结构：so+adj/adv.+astodotoo+adj.+todoadj.+enough+todoonly+todonever+todo4)作评论性状语e.g.Tobehonest,ujustdon’tlikeTagore’spoems.Ihaveneverseensuchaperson,totellyouthetruth.Tocutalongstoryshort,wedisagree.Toputitanotherway,shewassweet-tempered.tobehonesttotellyouthetruthtocutalongstoryshortToputitanotherway三不定式的逻辑主语1）是句子的某个名词或代词IhavealotofworktodothisSunday.Heisthefirstmantoarriveatschool.Myfatherpromisedtotakemetotheseaside.Icameheretoseemyfather.Ioftenhearhersinginhisroom.2)由for引出不定式的逻辑主语Itwon’tbeeasyforyoutofindanewjob.There’snoreasonforustodoubthiswords.Istoodasideforhertopass.WhatIwantisforyoutotalktoLanny.3)由of引出不定式的逻辑主语Itwaskindofyoutohelpme.Itwassillyofyoutotrustsuchaman.Itisselfishofhimnottodoanythingfortheorphans.It’sunfairofyoutosaysuchthingsabouther.四疑问词+todo--作主语、宾语、表语和同位语e.g.Howtosolvetheproblemremainstobediscussed.I’mstillwonderingwhattimetostartofftomorrow.Whatconcernsmemostiswhomtodependon.Manypeoplearethinkingofhowtotryorluck,thatis,howtoearnourbread.五动词不定式的省略1）保留不定式符号to:e.g.Wouldyouliketocomewithus?Yes,I’dloveto.Youcangowithusifyouwantto.Youdon’tknowher.Butyououghtto.特别提示：如果不定式中的动词是be或助动词have时，be和have不能省略.e.g.Isyourfatherareporter?No,butheusedtobe.HaveyoutoldAlanaboutthelecture?Sorry,butIoughttohave.2）省略不定式符号to的形式:感官动词：see,watch,hear,feel,find,notice,observe,lookat,listento.e.g.Didyouseeanyoneenterthehouse?Iheardmyneighborlockthedoor.使役动词：make,let,have.e.g.Myparentsusedtomakemerecitepoems.Iwillhaveallmyfriendscomeoverthisweekend.注：在被动语态中，to要还原：Heisnoticedtoentertheroom.Weweremadetolaughbythejoke.当主语部分含有动词do的某种形式时，作表语的不定式可省略to。Allyouneedtodois(to)pressthebutton.ThefirstthingIdoeverymorningis(to)takeplentyofexercise.Whatyouhavetodois(to)fillintheform.3)其他情况并列结构中Weoughttoreadmoreandhavemorepractice.I’dliketostaywithyou,helpyouandlearnfromyou.注：但在形成对比的结构中不能省略Ihaven’tdecidedwhethertoquitortostay.Icameherenottoplaybuttowork.固定结构：hadbetterdosth.wouldratherdosth.cannotbutdosth.donothingbutdosth.havenothingtodobutdosth.六动词不定式的主动表被动1不定式作定词时与所修饰的名词构成被动关系，但又与句子的主词或宾词构成主动关系时。Ihavealargefamilytoprovidefor.Wehavelotsofdifficultiestoovercomeforthetimebeing.Doyouhaveanythingtodrink?Ihavealotofproblemtosolve.Pleasegivemesomebookstoread.2主语+be+性质形容词+todoThequestioniseasytoanswer.Theworkiseasytodo.Thesesignsarehardtoseeclearly.Francesishardtogetonwith.3疑问词+todo.Idon’tknowwhichtochoose.I’mwonderingwhototurnto.4with+宾语+todoWithalotofworktodo,Isetoutearly.Withtoomanyproblemstosolve,them